{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2116049593","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/4.735707","title":"Low-power dividerless frequency synthesis using aperture phase detection","display_name":"Low-power dividerless frequency synthesis using aperture phase detection","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2116049593","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/4.735707","mag":"2116049593"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/4.735707","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/4.735707","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060015960","display_name":"A. Shahani","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4392738099","display_name":"Stanford SystemX Alliance","ror":"https://ror.org/0551gkb08","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4392738099","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A.R. Shahani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Integrated Systems, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Integrated Systems, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4392738099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051987369","display_name":"D.K. Shaeffer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4392738099","display_name":"Stanford SystemX Alliance","ror":"https://ror.org/0551gkb08","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4392738099","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D.K. Shaeffer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Integrated Systems, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Integrated Systems, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4392738099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085094630","display_name":"S.S. Mohan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4392738099","display_name":"Stanford SystemX Alliance","ror":"https://ror.org/0551gkb08","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4392738099","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"S.S. Mohan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Integrated Systems, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Integrated Systems, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4392738099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050478124","display_name":"H. Samavati","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4392738099","display_name":"Stanford SystemX Alliance","ror":"https://ror.org/0551gkb08","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4392738099","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Samavati","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Integrated Systems, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Integrated Systems, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4392738099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5035082627","display_name":"H.R. Rategh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4392738099","display_name":"Stanford SystemX Alliance","ror":"https://ror.org/0551gkb08","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4392738099","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H.R. Rategh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Integrated Systems, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Integrated Systems, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4392738099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051431334","display_name":"M. del Mar Hershenson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4392738099","display_name":"Stanford SystemX Alliance","ror":"https://ror.org/0551gkb08","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4392738099","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. del Mar Hershenson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Integrated Systems, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Integrated Systems, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4392738099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102799977","display_name":"Min Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3117-8015"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4392738099","display_name":"Stanford SystemX Alliance","ror":"https://ror.org/0551gkb08","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4392738099","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Min Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Integrated Systems, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Integrated Systems, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4392738099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033252398","display_name":"C. Patrick Yue","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0211-2394"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4392738099","display_name":"Stanford SystemX Alliance","ror":"https://ror.org/0551gkb08","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4392738099","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C.P. Yue","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Integrated Systems, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Integrated Systems, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4392738099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023818208","display_name":"D.J. Eddleman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4392738099","display_name":"Stanford SystemX Alliance","ror":"https://ror.org/0551gkb08","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4392738099","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D.J. Eddleman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Integrated Systems, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Integrated Systems, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4392738099"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011418841","display_name":"Mannie Horowitz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4392738099","display_name":"Stanford SystemX Alliance","ror":"https://ror.org/0551gkb08","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4392738099","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M.A. Horowitz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Integrated Systems, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Integrated Systems, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4392738099"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037250832","display_name":"T.H. Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4392738099","display_name":"Stanford SystemX Alliance","ror":"https://ror.org/0551gkb08","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4392738099","https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T.H. Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Integrated Systems, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Integrated Systems, University of Stanford, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4392738099"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4392738099"],"apc_list":{"value":2645,"currency":"USD","value_usd":2645},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.3236,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":17,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87790823,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"12","first_page":"2232","last_page":"2239"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11417","display_name":"Advancements in PLL and VCO Technologies","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10187","display_name":"Radio Frequency Integrated Circuit Design","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10299","display_name":"Photonic and Optical Devices","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-locked-loop","display_name":"Phase-locked loop","score":0.8761531114578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-synthesizer","display_name":"Frequency synthesizer","score":0.8276197910308838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-divider","display_name":"Frequency divider","score":0.6515817642211914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dbc","display_name":"dBc","score":0.6348029375076294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage-controlled-oscillator","display_name":"Voltage-controlled oscillator","score":0.5881579518318176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pll-multibit","display_name":"PLL multibit","score":0.5562449097633362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/frequency-multiplier","display_name":"Frequency multiplier","score":0.5223768353462219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-detector","display_name":"Phase detector","score":0.5088915824890137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.4973922073841095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-frequency-detector","display_name":"Phase frequency detector","score":0.48940935730934143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-noise","display_name":"Phase noise","score":0.4840254485607147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-engineering","display_name":"Electronic engineering","score":0.458997517824173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cmos","display_name":"CMOS","score":0.4442223906517029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/power","display_name":"Power (physics)","score":0.4385102093219757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-oscillator","display_name":"Local oscillator","score":0.42317378520965576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.42123767733573914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bandwidth","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","score":0.4171029031276703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.33147871494293213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.31109607219696045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.21188321709632874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.19470658898353577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/charge-pump","display_name":"Charge pump","score":0.1151672899723053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/capacitor","display_name":"Capacitor","score":0.09435394406318665}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12707504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52637","display_name":"Phase-locked loop","level":3,"score":0.8761531114578247},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182099602","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2660678","display_name":"Frequency synthesizer","level":4,"score":0.8276197910308838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74982907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1455624","display_name":"Frequency divider","level":3,"score":0.6515817642211914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193523891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1771950","display_name":"dBc","level":3,"score":0.6348029375076294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C5291336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852341","display_name":"Voltage-controlled oscillator","level":3,"score":0.5881579518318176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77881186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7119642","display_name":"PLL multibit","level":4,"score":0.5562449097633362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146002875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1074289","display_name":"Frequency multiplier","level":3,"score":0.5223768353462219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110086884","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2085341","display_name":"Phase detector","level":3,"score":0.5088915824890137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.4973922073841095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776158855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2085341","display_name":"Phase frequency detector","level":5,"score":0.48940935730934143},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89631360","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428766","display_name":"Phase noise","level":2,"score":0.4840254485607147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.458997517824173},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46362747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173431","display_name":"CMOS","level":2,"score":0.4442223906517029},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4385102093219757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203597036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1238887","display_name":"Local oscillator","level":3,"score":0.42317378520965576},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.42123767733573914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776257435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1576430","display_name":"Bandwidth (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4171029031276703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.33147871494293213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.31109607219696045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.21188321709632874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.19470658898353577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114825011","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q440704","display_name":"Charge pump","level":4,"score":0.1151672899723053},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52192207","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5322","display_name":"Capacitor","level":3,"score":0.09435394406318665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/4.735707","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/4.735707","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S83637746","display_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","issn_l":"0018-9200","issn":["0018-9200","1558-173X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7","score":0.800000011920929}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":3,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1569638374","https://openalex.org/W2097626902","https://openalex.org/W2152524071"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2151357254","https://openalex.org/W2330020385","https://openalex.org/W4381745543","https://openalex.org/W2054263477","https://openalex.org/W2351641102","https://openalex.org/W4385624389","https://openalex.org/W2114897461","https://openalex.org/W2348063681","https://openalex.org/W2103790907","https://openalex.org/W2544336511"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"phase-locked-loop":[1],"(PLL)-based":[2],"frequency":[3,20],"synthesizer":[4],"incorporating":[5],"a":[6,12,19,36,59,80,96,106],"phase":[7],"detector":[8],"that":[9],"operates":[10,104],"on":[11,105],"windowing":[13],"technique":[14],"eliminates":[15],"the":[16,30,45,53,62,67,91],"need":[17],"for":[18,35],"divider.":[21,68],"This":[22],"new":[23],"loop":[24,71],"architecture":[25],"is":[26,73,93],"applied":[27],"to":[28,75],"generate":[29],"1.573-GHz":[31],"local":[32],"oscillator":[33],"(LO)":[34],"Global":[37],"Positioning":[38],"System":[39],"receiver.":[40],"The":[41,69,87],"LO":[42],"circuits":[43],"in":[44,95],"locked":[46],"mode":[47],"consume":[48],"only":[49],"36":[50],"mW":[51],"of":[52,61,84],"total":[54],"115-mW":[55],"receiver":[56],"power,":[57],"as":[58],"result":[60],"power":[63],"saved":[64],"by":[65],"eliminating":[66],"PLL's":[70],"bandwidth":[72],"measured":[74],"he":[76],"6":[77],"MHz,":[78],"with":[79],"reference":[81],"spurious":[82],"level":[83],"-47":[85],"dBc.":[86],"front-end":[88],"receiver,":[89],"including":[90],"synthesizer,":[92],"fabricated":[94],"0.5-/spl":[97],"mu/m,":[98],"triple-metal,":[99],"single-poly":[100],"CMOS":[101],"process":[102],"and":[103],"2.5-V":[107],"supply.":[108]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}