{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2131764934","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/36.718639","title":"Field observations of the electromagnetic properties of first-year sea ice","display_name":"Field observations of the electromagnetic properties of first-year sea ice","publication_year":1998,"publication_date":"1998-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2131764934","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/36.718639","mag":"2131764934"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/36.718639","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/36.718639","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013541993","display_name":"Donald K. Perovich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0576-0864"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800251061","display_name":"Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05wk0m864","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1306490931","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2800251061","https://openalex.org/I87303767"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088792","display_name":"United States Army","ror":"https://ror.org/00afsp483","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210088792"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"D.K. Perovich","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH, USA","US Army Cold Regions Res. & Eng. Lab., Hanover, NH, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800251061","https://openalex.org/I4210088792"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"US Army Cold Regions Res. & Eng. Lab., Hanover, NH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800251061"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090175181","display_name":"Jacob R. Longacre","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799471739","display_name":"Naval Undersea Warfare Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04bnxa153","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1328969757","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2799471739","https://openalex.org/I3130687028"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Longacre","raw_affiliation_strings":["Naval Undersea Warfare Center, New London, CT, USA","[Naval Undersea Warfare Center, New London, CT, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naval Undersea Warfare Center, New London, CT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799471739"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Naval Undersea Warfare Center, New London, CT, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799471739"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082601680","display_name":"David G. Barber","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9466-3291"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46247651","display_name":"University of Manitoba","ror":"https://ror.org/02gfys938","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46247651"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D.G. Barber","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Earth Observation Science, Department of Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada","[Centre for Earth Observation Science, Department of Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Earth Observation Science, Department of Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46247651"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Centre for Earth Observation Science, Department of Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46247651"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077643368","display_name":"Robert A. Maffione","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R.A. Maffione","raw_affiliation_strings":["HOBI Laboratories, Inc., Watsonville, CA, USA","[HOBI Laboratories, Inc., Watsonville, CA, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"HOBI Laboratories, Inc., Watsonville, CA, USA","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[HOBI Laboratories, Inc., Watsonville, CA, USA]","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108476209","display_name":"Glenn F. Cota","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81365321","display_name":"Old Dominion University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zjtrb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"G.F. Cota","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA","Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography Old Dominion University  Norfolk VA USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Coastal Physical Oceanography Old Dominion University  Norfolk VA USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060252546","display_name":"Curtis D. Mobley","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0556-3657"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150149174","display_name":"Mercer University","ror":"https://ror.org/04bk7v425","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150149174"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087307","display_name":"Sequoia Scientific (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/000hc8n84","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C.D. Mobley","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sequoia Scientific, Inc., Mercer Island, WA, USA","[Sequoia Scientific, Inc., Mercer Island, WA, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sequoia Scientific, Inc., Mercer Island, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087307"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Sequoia Scientific, Inc., Mercer Island, WA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I150149174"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073787376","display_name":"Anthony J. Gow","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210088792","display_name":"United States Army","ror":"https://ror.org/00afsp483","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I4210088792"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800251061","display_name":"Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/05wk0m864","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1304082316","https://openalex.org/I1306490931","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2800251061","https://openalex.org/I87303767"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A.J. Gow","raw_affiliation_strings":["U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH, USA","U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH , USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800251061","https://openalex.org/I4210088792"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Hanover, NH , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800251061","https://openalex.org/I4210088792"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111382333","display_name":"R.G. Onstott","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I166437374","display_name":"Environmental Research Institute of Michigan","ror":"https://ror.org/0069kqw53","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I166437374"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R.G. Onstott","raw_affiliation_strings":["Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","Environmental Res. Inst. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166437374"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Environmental Res. Inst. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I166437374"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108748627","display_name":"Thomas C. Grenfell","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T.C. Grenfell","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056121885","display_name":"W. Scott Pegau","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1918-1097"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I131249849","display_name":"Oregon State University","ror":"https://ror.org/00ysfqy60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"W.S. Pegau","raw_affiliation_strings":["Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA","Oregon State University , Corvallis, OR , USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Oregon State University , Corvallis, OR , USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I131249849"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066480378","display_name":"Mark A. Landry","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799471739","display_name":"Naval Undersea Warfare Center","ror":"https://ror.org/04bnxa153","country_code":"US","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1328969757","https://openalex.org/I1330347796","https://openalex.org/I2799471739","https://openalex.org/I3130687028"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Landry","raw_affiliation_strings":["Naval Undersea Warfare Center, New London, CT, USA","[Naval Undersea Warfare Center, New London, CT, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Naval Undersea Warfare Center, New London, CT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799471739"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Naval Undersea Warfare Center, New London, CT, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799471739"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077736395","display_name":"Collin S. Roesler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3839-2241"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I140172145","display_name":"University of Connecticut","ror":"https://ror.org/02der9h97","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C.S. Roesler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, USA","Department of Marine Sciences University of Connecticut Groton CT USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Marine Sciences, University of Connecticut, Groton, CT, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Marine Sciences University of Connecticut Groton CT USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I140172145"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":12,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5013541993"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800251061","https://openalex.org/I4210088792"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.7457,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":47,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.83371844,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"5","first_page":"1705","last_page":"1715"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11459","display_name":"Arctic and Antarctic ice dynamics","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10644","display_name":"Cryospheric studies and observations","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11333","display_name":"Climate change and permafrost","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1902","display_name":"Atmospheric Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snow","display_name":"Snow","score":0.7854616045951843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emissivity","display_name":"Emissivity","score":0.6684582829475403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sea-ice","display_name":"Sea ice","score":0.6181706190109253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scattering","display_name":"Scattering","score":0.5439320802688599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atmospheric-sciences","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","score":0.48016566038131714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ice-crystals","display_name":"Ice crystals","score":0.47921448945999146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backscatter","display_name":"Backscatter (email)","score":0.4515303373336792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snowpack","display_name":"Snowpack","score":0.43216705322265625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radar","display_name":"Radar","score":0.41949141025543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geology","display_name":"Geology","score":0.4157137870788574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.3964530825614929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3465918302536011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.3203672170639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1677302122116089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geomorphology","display_name":"Geomorphology","score":0.11028176546096802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/climatology","display_name":"Climatology","score":0.11010077595710754}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197046000","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7561","display_name":"Snow","level":2,"score":0.7854616045951843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163651212","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899670","display_name":"Emissivity","level":2,"score":0.6684582829475403},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136894858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213926","display_name":"Sea ice","level":2,"score":0.6181706190109253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.5439320802688599},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91586092","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q757520","display_name":"Atmospheric sciences","level":1,"score":0.48016566038131714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125388846","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1325808","display_name":"Ice crystals","level":2,"score":0.47921448945999146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30354325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q204667","display_name":"Backscatter (email)","level":3,"score":0.4515303373336792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778877292","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18575846","display_name":"Snowpack","level":3,"score":0.43216705322265625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.41949141025543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127313418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1069","display_name":"Geology","level":0,"score":0.4157137870788574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.3964530825614929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3465918302536011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.3203672170639038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1677302122116089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114793014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52109","display_name":"Geomorphology","level":1,"score":0.11028176546096802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49204034","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q52139","display_name":"Climatology","level":1,"score":0.11010077595710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/36.718639","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/36.718639","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Life below water","score":0.8700000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1553038050","https://openalex.org/W1629025502","https://openalex.org/W1662762169","https://openalex.org/W1971979033","https://openalex.org/W1972817338","https://openalex.org/W1978822144","https://openalex.org/W2001658248","https://openalex.org/W2027294099","https://openalex.org/W2032698221","https://openalex.org/W2060015905","https://openalex.org/W2067236037","https://openalex.org/W2101179783","https://openalex.org/W2103348345","https://openalex.org/W2107421090","https://openalex.org/W2111019462","https://openalex.org/W2111238830","https://openalex.org/W2125948014","https://openalex.org/W2145484256","https://openalex.org/W2149735463","https://openalex.org/W2162901318","https://openalex.org/W2164689991","https://openalex.org/W2236274389","https://openalex.org/W6676704117"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4322714012","https://openalex.org/W2605881624","https://openalex.org/W2763806468","https://openalex.org/W2031839781","https://openalex.org/W2562885403","https://openalex.org/W2171824369","https://openalex.org/W2173032563","https://openalex.org/W2143495201","https://openalex.org/W2013044996","https://openalex.org/W2017317164"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"An":[0],"interdisciplinary":[1],"field":[2],"experiment":[3],"was":[4,94,206,216],"conducted":[5],"during":[6],"April":[7],"and":[8,23,34,52,74,80,86,105,111,136,157,178,191],"May":[9],"of":[10,26,32,60,76,84,91,133,185,222],"1994":[11],"at":[12,188,194,210],"Point":[13],"Barrow,":[14],"AK,":[15],"to":[16,69,108,123,126,182,219],"investigate":[17],"the":[18,21,58,72,77,82,97,131,149,155,161,183,199,204,214,220],"relationship":[19],"between":[20,176],"electromagnetic":[22],"physical-biological":[24],"properties":[25],"first-year":[27,36],"sea":[28],"ice.":[29,238],"Electromagnetic":[30],"signatures":[31],"bare":[33,141],"snow-covered":[35,177,237],"ice":[37,78,158,167],"were":[38,102,121,144,228],"measured":[39],"over":[40,117,236],"a":[41,173],"broad":[42],"spectral":[43],"range,":[44],"including":[45,130],"ultraviolet":[46],"through":[47],"near-infrared":[48],"albedo,":[49],"microwave":[50,170],"emissivity,":[51],"radar":[53],"backscatter.":[54],"Observations":[55],"indicated":[56],"that":[57],"scattering":[59,90,193],"visible":[61,92],"light":[62,93],"varied":[63],"significantly":[64],"with":[65,146],"depth":[66,223],"in":[67,71,81,96,115,148,160,203],"response":[68],"changes":[70],"size":[73],"orientation":[75],"crystals":[79,106],"number":[83,132],"brine":[85],"air":[87,134],"inclusions.":[88],"The":[89],"greatest":[95],"surface":[98,127],"layer":[99,128,163],"where":[100,213],"there":[101],"numerous":[103],"inclusions,":[104],"tended":[107],"be":[109,124],"small":[110,118,145,208],"randomly":[112],"oriented.":[113],"Changes":[114],"albedo":[116],"horizontal":[119],"distances":[120],"found":[122],"related":[125],"conditions,":[129],"bubbles":[135],"particulate":[137],"levels.":[138],"Even":[139],"for":[140,232],"ice,":[142],"transmittances":[143],"peaks":[147],"blue-green.":[150],"Scattering":[151],"exceeds":[152],"absorption":[153],"throughout":[154],"snow":[156],"except":[159,209],"skeletal":[162],"colonized":[164],"by":[165,198],"bottom":[166],"algae.":[168],"Passive":[169],"emissivities":[171],"showed":[172],"substantial":[174],"difference":[175],"snow-free":[179],"sites":[180],"due":[181],"effects":[184],"impedance":[186],"matching":[187],"longer":[189],"frequencies":[190,196],"volume":[192],"higher":[195],"produced":[197],"snow,":[200],"Spatial":[201],"variability":[202],"emissivity":[205,215],"quite":[207],"90":[211],"GHz,":[212],"most":[217],"sensitive":[218],"amount":[221],"hoar.":[224],"Radar":[225],"backscatter":[226],"coefficients":[227],"5-6":[229],"dB":[230],"larger":[231],"oblique":[233],"viewing":[234],"angles":[235]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-27T14:29:43.386196","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
