{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2135817270","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/36.387593","title":"Quantifying the effect of canopy architecture on optical measurements of leaf area index using two gap size analysis methods","display_name":"Quantifying the effect of canopy architecture on optical measurements of leaf area index using two gap size analysis methods","publication_year":1995,"publication_date":"1995-05-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2135817270","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/36.387593","mag":"2135817270"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/36.387593","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/36.387593","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076988132","display_name":"J.M. Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J.M. Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Ottawa, ONT, Canada","[Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Ottawa, Ont., Canada]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Ottawa, ONT, Canada","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Ottawa, Ont., Canada]","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048050592","display_name":"J. Cihlar","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Cihlar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Ottawa, ONT, Canada","[Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Ottawa, Ont., Canada]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Ottawa, ONT, Canada","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Canada Centre for Remote Sensing, Ottawa, Ont., Canada]","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.6386,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":337,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98345661,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"3","first_page":"777","last_page":"787"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10111","display_name":"Remote Sensing in Agriculture","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2303","display_name":"Ecology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11164","display_name":"Remote Sensing and LiDAR Applications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2305","display_name":"Environmental Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10266","display_name":"Plant Water Relations and Carbon Dynamics","score":0.995199978351593,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2306","display_name":"Global and Planetary Change"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/23","display_name":"Environmental Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leaf-area-index","display_name":"Leaf area index","score":0.7436551451683044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transect","display_name":"Transect","score":0.6575137376785278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interception","display_name":"Interception","score":0.6412618160247803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trac","display_name":"TRAC","score":0.5405449271202087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/canopy","display_name":"Canopy","score":0.5325032472610474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/black-spruce","display_name":"Black spruce","score":0.5006873607635498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/remote-sensing","display_name":"Remote sensing","score":0.4508119821548462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photosynthetically-active-radiation","display_name":"Photosynthetically active radiation","score":0.44496774673461914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3913203179836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3680931031703949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/taiga","display_name":"Taiga","score":0.2591879069805145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/botany","display_name":"Botany","score":0.2251165211200714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ecology","display_name":"Ecology","score":0.16886687278747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geography","display_name":"Geography","score":0.14475378394126892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/forestry","display_name":"Forestry","score":0.13337308168411255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photosynthesis","display_name":"Photosynthesis","score":0.11854663491249084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.09855300188064575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.09046533703804016}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25989453","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446746","display_name":"Leaf area index","level":2,"score":0.7436551451683044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C69661492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1447141","display_name":"Transect","level":2,"score":0.6575137376785278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61270487","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q476843","display_name":"Interception","level":2,"score":0.6412618160247803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778994249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2842324","display_name":"TRAC","level":2,"score":0.5405449271202087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101000010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5033434","display_name":"Canopy","level":2,"score":0.5325032472610474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989150663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q218425","display_name":"Black spruce","level":3,"score":0.5006873607635498},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62649853","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199687","display_name":"Remote sensing","level":1,"score":0.4508119821548462},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131366478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q900892","display_name":"Photosynthetically active radiation","level":3,"score":0.44496774673461914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3913203179836273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3680931031703949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87621631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q69564","display_name":"Taiga","level":2,"score":0.2591879069805145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.2251165211200714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18903297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7150","display_name":"Ecology","level":1,"score":0.16886687278747559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.14475378394126892},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97137747","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38112","display_name":"Forestry","level":1,"score":0.13337308168411255},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183688256","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11982","display_name":"Photosynthesis","level":2,"score":0.11854663491249084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.09855300188064575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.09046533703804016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/36.387593","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/36.387593","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6600000262260437,"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1972044994","https://openalex.org/W1974902368","https://openalex.org/W1974984411","https://openalex.org/W1981910470","https://openalex.org/W1982818815","https://openalex.org/W1987001797","https://openalex.org/W1990660785","https://openalex.org/W1995103915","https://openalex.org/W2006139869","https://openalex.org/W2014625208","https://openalex.org/W2021154304","https://openalex.org/W2037317818","https://openalex.org/W2040716866","https://openalex.org/W2047467880","https://openalex.org/W2048852284","https://openalex.org/W2051641485","https://openalex.org/W2051900717","https://openalex.org/W2067463158","https://openalex.org/W2068195262","https://openalex.org/W2088715311","https://openalex.org/W2095202975","https://openalex.org/W2095579307","https://openalex.org/W2126340889","https://openalex.org/W2129376156","https://openalex.org/W2151647593","https://openalex.org/W2156602069","https://openalex.org/W2319784630","https://openalex.org/W2971300735","https://openalex.org/W2984126067","https://openalex.org/W3146717604"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2012613798","https://openalex.org/W2521808102","https://openalex.org/W4296365110","https://openalex.org/W2766387729","https://openalex.org/W2044980528","https://openalex.org/W3029655483","https://openalex.org/W2014431247","https://openalex.org/W2054907416","https://openalex.org/W2072456441","https://openalex.org/W2360835092"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,30],"recent":[1],"years,":[2],"the":[3,22,33,67,76,86,94,111,121,139,158,167,189,217,225,261,310,313,318,321],"methodology":[4],"in":[5,66,107,216,275],"ground-based":[6],"optical":[7,163,307],"measurements":[8,153,308],"of":[9,14,24,82,99,114,132,154,172,219,232,239,246,263,291,305],"leaf":[10],"area":[11],"index":[12,175],"(LAI)":[13],"plant":[15],"canopies":[16],"has":[17],"been":[18],"substantially":[19],"improved":[20],"after":[21],"introduction":[23],"canopy":[25,265],"gap":[26,159],"size":[27],"analysis":[28,68],"methods.":[29],"this":[31,108],"paper,":[32],"two":[34,179],"methods":[35,180],"by":[36,309],"Chen":[37,42,193,204,220,240,256],"and":[38,41,43,59,80,194,205,221,241,250,257,285,300,317],"Black":[39,222],"(1992)":[40],"Cihlar":[44,242],"(in":[45],"press)":[46],"are":[47,197,269],"compared":[48],"for":[49,126,151,184,227,271,282,312,320],"four":[50],"boreal":[51],"conifer":[52,115],"stands":[53,186],"located":[54],"near":[55],"Prince":[56],"Albert,":[57],"Saskachewan,":[58],"Thompson,":[60],"Manitoba,":[61],"Canada.":[62],"The":[63,130,170,208,237],"data":[64,295],"used":[65],"were":[69],"obtained":[70,191],"from":[71,177,211],"a":[72,97,212,228,288,303],"new":[73],"sunfleck-LAI":[74],"instrument,":[75],"TRAC":[77,319],"(Tracing":[78],"Radiation":[79],"Architecture":[81],"Canopies),":[83],"which":[84,223,268],"measures":[85],"photosynthetic":[87],"photon":[88],"flux":[89],"density":[90],"along":[91],"transects":[92],"beneath":[93],"overstory":[95],"at":[96,135],"rate":[98],"100":[100],"samples":[101],"per":[102],"meter.":[103],"It":[104,278],"is":[105,141,149,251,279],"confirmed":[106],"study":[109],"that":[110,281],"needle":[112],"shoots":[113,140],"trees":[116],"can":[117,296],"be":[118,297],"treated":[119],"as":[120,166],"basic":[122],"foliage":[123,133,233,247,314,322],"units":[124],"(elements)":[125],"radiation":[127],"interception":[128],"considerations.":[129],"effect":[131],"clumping":[134,146,174],"scales":[136],"larger":[137],"than":[138,200],"quantified":[142],"using":[143,162,192,203,302],"an":[144],"element":[145,173],"index.":[147],"This":[148],"necessary":[150],"indirect":[152,306],"LAI":[155,294],"based":[156],"on":[157],"fraction":[160],"principle":[161],"instruments":[164],"such":[165],"LI-COR":[168],"LAI-2000.":[169],"values":[171,190],"derived":[176],"these":[178],"agree":[181],"within":[182],"17%":[183],"all":[185],"investigated.":[187],"However,":[188],"Black's":[195,258],"method":[196,218,238,259],"consistently":[198],"smaller":[199],"those":[201],"calculated":[202],"Cihlar's":[206],"method.":[207],"difference":[209],"results":[210],"negative":[213],"bias":[214],"introduced":[215],"requires":[224],"assumption":[226,245],"random":[229],"spatial":[230,323],"distribution":[231,248,316],"clumps":[234],"(tree":[235],"crowns).":[236],"makes":[243],"no":[244],"patterns":[249],"therefore":[252],"more":[253],"reliable.":[254],"Yet,":[255],"allows":[260],"derivation":[262],"several":[264],"architectural":[266],"parameters":[267],"useful":[270],"modeling":[272],"radiative":[273],"regimes":[274],"forest":[276],"canopies.":[277],"concluded":[280],"remote":[283],"sensing":[284],"other":[286],"studies,":[287],"large":[289],"quantity":[290],"ground":[292],"truth":[293],"acquired":[298],"quickly":[299],"accurately":[301],"combination":[304],"LAI-2000":[311],"angular":[315],"distribution.<":[324],"<ETX":[325],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[326],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">&gt;</ETX>":[327]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":24},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":20}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
