{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2126369707","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/36.158877","title":"A backscattering model for ocean surface","display_name":"A backscattering model for ocean surface","publication_year":1992,"publication_date":"1992-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2126369707","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/36.158877","mag":"2126369707"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/36.158877","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/36.158877","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033255278","display_name":"K.S. Chen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189196454","display_name":"The University of Texas at Arlington","ror":"https://ror.org/019kgqr73","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"K.S. Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Wave Scattering ResearchCenter. the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas, Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA","Dept. of Electr. Eng., Texas Univ., Arlington, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Wave Scattering ResearchCenter. the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas, Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. Eng., Texas Univ., Arlington, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111709793","display_name":"A.K. Fung","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189196454","display_name":"The University of Texas at Arlington","ror":"https://ror.org/019kgqr73","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A.K. Fung","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Wave Scattering ResearchCenter. the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas, Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA","Dept. of Electr. Eng., Texas Univ., Arlington, TX, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Wave Scattering ResearchCenter. the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Texas, Arlington, Arlington, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electr. Eng., Texas Univ., Arlington, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068803067","display_name":"D. Weissman","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139290212","display_name":"Hofstra University","ror":"https://ror.org/03pm18j10","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139290212"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D.A. Weissman","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA","[Department of Engineering, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA]"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139290212"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Department of Engineering, Hofstra University, Hempstead, NY, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139290212"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033255278"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189196454"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.2904,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":90,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91819401,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"4","first_page":"811","last_page":"817"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11061","display_name":"Ocean Waves and Remote Sensing","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10255","display_name":"Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1910","display_name":"Oceanography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10647","display_name":"Coastal and Marine Dynamics","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1904","display_name":"Earth-Surface Processes"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/19","display_name":"Earth and Planetary Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bispectrum","display_name":"Bispectrum","score":0.9567115306854248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-roughness","display_name":"Surface roughness","score":0.7222005128860474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface","display_name":"Surface (topology)","score":0.6268647909164429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian","display_name":"Gaussian","score":0.5162413120269775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/azimuth","display_name":"Azimuth","score":0.5151382684707642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaussian-surface","display_name":"Gaussian surface","score":0.5129813551902771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scattering","display_name":"Scattering","score":0.45784658193588257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polarization","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","score":0.4368031620979309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-physics","display_name":"Statistical physics","score":0.4250483512878418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surface-finish","display_name":"Surface finish","score":0.42301246523857117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.4191124439239502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-analysis","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","score":0.3485032916069031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.29852235317230225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.2849990725517273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectral-density","display_name":"Spectral density","score":0.24525442719459534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.2402324676513672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.20417851209640503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quantum-mechanics","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","score":0.19946828484535217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electric-field","display_name":"Electric field","score":0.15806695818901062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.0761772096157074}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114148568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2410583","display_name":"Bispectrum","level":3,"score":0.9567115306854248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107365816","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114817","display_name":"Surface roughness","level":2,"score":0.7222005128860474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776799497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q484298","display_name":"Surface (topology)","level":2,"score":0.6268647909164429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163716315","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q901177","display_name":"Gaussian","level":2,"score":0.5162413120269775},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159737794","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124274","display_name":"Azimuth","level":2,"score":0.5151382684707642},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68806387","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2724617","display_name":"Gaussian surface","level":3,"score":0.5129813551902771},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191486275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210028","display_name":"Scattering","level":2,"score":0.45784658193588257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205049153","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2698605","display_name":"Polarization (electrochemistry)","level":2,"score":0.4368031620979309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121864883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q677916","display_name":"Statistical physics","level":1,"score":0.4250483512878418},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71039073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3439090","display_name":"Surface finish","level":2,"score":0.42301246523857117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.4191124439239502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.3485032916069031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.29852235317230225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2849990725517273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C168110828","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1331626","display_name":"Spectral density","level":2,"score":0.24525442719459534},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.2402324676513672},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.20417851209640503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.19946828484535217},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60799052","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46221","display_name":"Electric field","level":2,"score":0.15806695818901062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0761772096157074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/36.158877","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/36.158877","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S111326731","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","issn_l":"0196-2892","issn":["0196-2892","1558-0644"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319808","host_organization_name":"Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/14","score":0.8700000047683716,"display_name":"Life below water"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1501322963","https://openalex.org/W1968745097","https://openalex.org/W1971374717","https://openalex.org/W1978969733","https://openalex.org/W1982143695","https://openalex.org/W1991203239","https://openalex.org/W2001096148","https://openalex.org/W2001247608","https://openalex.org/W2013047712","https://openalex.org/W2018388266","https://openalex.org/W2029367498","https://openalex.org/W2045705376","https://openalex.org/W2050433771","https://openalex.org/W2053694781","https://openalex.org/W2057792838","https://openalex.org/W2067598170","https://openalex.org/W2075828063","https://openalex.org/W2077025372","https://openalex.org/W2079637515","https://openalex.org/W2088229034","https://openalex.org/W2092055157","https://openalex.org/W2108442676","https://openalex.org/W2109434649","https://openalex.org/W2125615957","https://openalex.org/W2136889516","https://openalex.org/W2138614074","https://openalex.org/W2151786616","https://openalex.org/W2179869372","https://openalex.org/W3093007734","https://openalex.org/W3185528135"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2386922414","https://openalex.org/W4313638943","https://openalex.org/W1966522691","https://openalex.org/W4304014137","https://openalex.org/W3034740403","https://openalex.org/W2032025132","https://openalex.org/W4297916609","https://openalex.org/W2349732462","https://openalex.org/W2900649910","https://openalex.org/W2783679862"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"A":[0],"surface":[1,15,38,46,58,117],"scattering":[2],"model":[3,54,125,142],"based":[4],"on":[5,79],"an":[6],"approximate":[7],"solution":[8],"of":[9,29,82,84,114,140],"the":[10,14,37,42,45,53,56,63,68,72,77,80,85,90,95,104,111,115,141],"integral":[11],"equations":[12],"for":[13,21,67,76,93],"tangential":[16],"fields":[17],"has":[18],"been":[19],"developed":[20],"non-Gaussian":[22],"distributed,":[23],"finitely":[24],"conducting":[25],"surfaces.":[26],"It":[27],"consists":[28],"two":[30],"parts.":[31],"One":[32],"part":[33,50,92],"is":[34,89,106,118,151],"proportional":[35],"to":[36,44],"roughness":[39],"spectrum,":[40],"and":[41,99,110,130,148],"other":[43],"bispectrum.":[47],"The":[48,124,138],"bispectrum":[49,105],"comes":[51],"into":[52],"when":[55],"third-order":[57,73],"statistics":[59,65,74],"are":[60,133,143],"included.":[61],"While":[62],"second-order":[64],"account":[66,75],"wind":[69],"directional":[70],"dependence,":[71,132],"dependence":[78],"sense":[81],"direction":[83],"wind.":[86],"Thus,":[87],"it":[88],"critical":[91],"explaining":[94],"difference":[96],"between":[97],"upwind":[98],"downwind":[100],"observations.":[101],"In":[102],"general,":[103],"a":[107],"complex":[108],"quantity":[109],"asymmetric":[112],"effect":[113],"sea":[116],"represented":[119],"by":[120],"its":[121],"imaginary":[122],"part.":[123],"characteristics,":[126],"such":[127],"as":[128],"polarization":[129],"azimuthal":[131],"illustrated":[134],"through":[135],"numerical":[136],"calculations.":[137],"predictions":[139],"compared":[144],"with":[145],"field":[146],"measurements,":[147],"excellent":[149],"agreement":[150],"obtained.<":[152],"<ETX":[153],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[154],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">&gt;</ETX>":[155]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}