{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2135463994","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/34.41390","title":"Application of the Karhunen-Loeve procedure for the characterization of human faces","display_name":"Application of the Karhunen-Loeve procedure for the characterization of human faces","publication_year":1990,"publication_date":"1990-01-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2135463994","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/34.41390","mag":"2135463994"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/34.41390","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/34.41390","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061567476","display_name":"Michael Kirby","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9802-9263"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"M. Kirby","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Fluid Mechanics, Turbulence, and Computation. Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University of Providence, Providence, RI, USA","Div. of Appl. Math., Brown Univ., Providence, RI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Fluid Mechanics, Turbulence, and Computation. Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University of Providence, Providence, RI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Div. of Appl. Math., Brown Univ., Providence, RI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014614488","display_name":"L. Sirovich","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0289-2172"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"L. Sirovich","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Fluid Mechanics, Turbulence, and Computation. Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University of Providence, Providence, RI, USA","Div. of Appl. Math., Brown Univ., Providence, RI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Fluid Mechanics, Turbulence, and Computation. Division of Applied Mathematics, Brown University of Providence, Providence, RI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Div. of Appl. Math., Brown Univ., Providence, RI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5061567476"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.9703,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2449,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98282185,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":99,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"12","issue":"1","first_page":"103","last_page":"108"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11206","display_name":"Model Reduction and Neural Networks","score":0.9850000143051147,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11206","display_name":"Model Reduction and Neural Networks","score":0.9850000143051147,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3109","display_name":"Statistical and Nonlinear Physics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/31","display_name":"Physics and Astronomy"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10320","display_name":"Neural Networks and Applications","score":0.9843000173568726,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10534","display_name":"Structural Health Monitoring Techniques","score":0.972100019454956,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/karhunen\u2013lo\u00e8ve-theorem","display_name":"Karhunen\u2013Lo\u00e8ve theorem","score":0.8235204219818115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5430871248245239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/covariance-matrix","display_name":"Covariance matrix","score":0.5179259181022644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eigenfunction","display_name":"Eigenfunction","score":0.5078173279762268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/homogeneous-space","display_name":"Homogeneous space","score":0.4946708381175995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.47983404994010925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4792199730873108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.463257372379303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/basis","display_name":"Basis (linear algebra)","score":0.4339711666107178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/extension","display_name":"Extension (predicate logic)","score":0.4320750832557678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/matrix","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","score":0.4214509129524231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4108714759349823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.36567211151123047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eigenvalues-and-eigenvectors","display_name":"Eigenvalues and eigenvectors","score":0.2403726577758789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09740239381790161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/geometry","display_name":"Geometry","score":0.08360758423805237}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109308471","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2046647","display_name":"Karhunen\u2013Lo\u00e8ve theorem","level":2,"score":0.8235204219818115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5430871248245239},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185142706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134404","display_name":"Covariance matrix","level":2,"score":0.5179259181022644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C128803854","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1307821","display_name":"Eigenfunction","level":3,"score":0.5078173279762268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96469262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324364","display_name":"Homogeneous space","level":2,"score":0.4946708381175995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.47983404994010925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4792199730873108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.463257372379303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12426560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189569","display_name":"Basis (linear algebra)","level":2,"score":0.4339711666107178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778029271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5421931","display_name":"Extension (predicate logic)","level":2,"score":0.4320750832557678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106487976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q685816","display_name":"Matrix (chemical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4214509129524231},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4108714759349823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.36567211151123047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158693339","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190524","display_name":"Eigenvalues and eigenvectors","level":2,"score":0.2403726577758789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09740239381790161},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.08360758423805237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/34.41390","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/34.41390","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S199944782","display_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","issn_l":"0162-8828","issn":["0162-8828","1939-3539","2160-9292"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320439","host_organization_name":"IEEE Computer Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320439","https://openalex.org/P4310319808"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["IEEE Computer Society","Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":29,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W32941422","https://openalex.org/W50303631","https://openalex.org/W98797825","https://openalex.org/W147723833","https://openalex.org/W1507699566","https://openalex.org/W1509349128","https://openalex.org/W1535031115","https://openalex.org/W1591931903","https://openalex.org/W1633869374","https://openalex.org/W1770825568","https://openalex.org/W2023377171","https://openalex.org/W2051366222","https://openalex.org/W2071128523","https://openalex.org/W2129733001","https://openalex.org/W2130259898","https://openalex.org/W2137199074","https://openalex.org/W2294798173","https://openalex.org/W2314110110","https://openalex.org/W2322190567","https://openalex.org/W2487903176","https://openalex.org/W2503054678","https://openalex.org/W2565264375","https://openalex.org/W2798461040","https://openalex.org/W4206963403","https://openalex.org/W4229921563","https://openalex.org/W4292023222","https://openalex.org/W6601360246","https://openalex.org/W6602010968","https://openalex.org/W6604014664"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2245403906","https://openalex.org/W4286382504","https://openalex.org/W417204388","https://openalex.org/W2393344178","https://openalex.org/W2037677331","https://openalex.org/W4224983152","https://openalex.org/W2892174771","https://openalex.org/W2054696836","https://openalex.org/W1995275727","https://openalex.org/W2006192442"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,52],"use":[1],"of":[2,11,20,29,41,49,55,60],"natural":[3],"symmetries":[4],"(mirror":[5],"images)":[6],"in":[7,26],"a":[8],"well-defined":[9],"family":[10],"patterns":[12],"(human":[13],"faces)":[14],"is":[15,68],"discussed":[16],"within":[17],"the":[18,21,30,39,42,47,50,61],"framework":[19],"Karhunen-Loeve":[22],"expansion.":[23],"This":[24],"results":[25],"an":[27],"extension":[28],"data":[31,62],"and":[32,35],"imposes":[33],"even":[34],"odd":[36],"symmetry":[37],"on":[38,70],"eigenfunctions":[40],"covariance":[43],"matrix,":[44],"without":[45],"increasing":[46],"complexity":[48],"calculation.":[51],"resulting":[53],"approximation":[54],"faces":[56],"projected":[57],"from":[58],"outside":[59],"set":[63],"onto":[64],"this":[65],"optimal":[66],"basis":[67],"improved":[69],"average.<":[71],"<ETX":[72],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[73],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">&gt;</ETX>":[74]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":49},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":35},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":50},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":62},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":53},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":70},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":68},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":105},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":136},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":121},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":146}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}