{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3207398449","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/lht-01-2021-0027","title":"Effects of LEGO robotic on freshmen students' computational thinking and programming learning attitudes in Taiwan","display_name":"Effects of LEGO robotic on freshmen students' computational thinking and programming learning attitudes in Taiwan","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-10-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3207398449","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/lht-01-2021-0027","mag":"3207398449"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1108/lht-01-2021-0027","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/lht-01-2021-0027","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S143568823","display_name":"Library Hi Tech","issn_l":"0737-8831","issn":["0737-8831","2054-166X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Library Hi Tech","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010298577","display_name":"Cathy Weng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8095-8494"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154864474","display_name":"National Taiwan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q09pe49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154864474"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Cathy Weng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Institute of Digital Learning and Education, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8095-8494","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Institute of Digital Learning and Education, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154864474"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065987923","display_name":"Isaac Manyonge Matere","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5080-8516"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154864474","display_name":"National Taiwan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q09pe49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154864474"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Isaac Manyonge Matere","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Institute of Digital Learning and Education, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5080-8516","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Institute of Digital Learning and Education, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154864474"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070037368","display_name":"Chih\u2010Hsien Hsia","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2665-0821"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I75430998","display_name":"National Ilan University","ror":"https://ror.org/01npf0s58","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I75430998"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chih-Hsien Hsia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Ilan University, Yilan, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2665-0821","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Information Engineering, National Ilan University, Yilan, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I75430998"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040292118","display_name":"Mei-Yen Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154864474","display_name":"National Taiwan University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q09pe49","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154864474"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mei-Yen Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate Institute of Digital Learning and Education, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate Institute of Digital Learning and Education, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154864474"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013327981","display_name":"Apollo Weng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2301-9885"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I35357665","display_name":"China University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/03y6m2j03","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I35357665"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Apollo Weng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Visual Communication Design, China University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Visual Communication Design, China University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I35357665"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010298577"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154864474"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4123,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":20,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92877937,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":"4","first_page":"947","last_page":"962"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10533","display_name":"Teaching and Learning Programming","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11122","display_name":"Online Learning and Analytics","score":0.9664999842643738,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1706","display_name":"Computer Science Applications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10731","display_name":"Educational Games and Gamification","score":0.9567000269889832,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3204","display_name":"Developmental and Educational Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robotics","display_name":"Robotics","score":0.739268958568573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7061854600906372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curriculum","display_name":"Curriculum","score":0.636355996131897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computational-thinking","display_name":"Computational thinking","score":0.6112684607505798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5621234178543091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/originality","display_name":"Originality","score":0.5530343055725098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/educational-robotics","display_name":"Educational robotics","score":0.5477470755577087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.4608584940433502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/test","display_name":"Test (biology)","score":0.44656920433044434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics-education","display_name":"Mathematics education","score":0.39832621812820435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qualitative-research","display_name":"Qualitative research","score":0.2545723021030426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.23967298865318298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedagogy","display_name":"Pedagogy","score":0.17951706051826477}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.739268958568573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7061854600906372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47177190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207137","display_name":"Curriculum","level":2,"score":0.636355996131897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780368719","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5157342","display_name":"Computational thinking","level":2,"score":0.6112684607505798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5621234178543091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776950860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914681","display_name":"Originality","level":3,"score":0.5530343055725098},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C183889225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5341299","display_name":"Educational robotics","level":4,"score":0.5477470755577087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.4608584940433502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777267654","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3519023","display_name":"Test (biology)","level":2,"score":0.44656920433044434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145420912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q853077","display_name":"Mathematics education","level":1,"score":0.39832621812820435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.2545723021030426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.23967298865318298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.17951706051826477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1108/lht-01-2021-0027","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/lht-01-2021-0027","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S143568823","display_name":"Library Hi Tech","issn_l":"0737-8831","issn":["0737-8831","2054-166X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Library Hi Tech","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7699999809265137,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1456761795","https://openalex.org/W1509817518","https://openalex.org/W1511423870","https://openalex.org/W1516821862","https://openalex.org/W1822080975","https://openalex.org/W1962368773","https://openalex.org/W1965271829","https://openalex.org/W1970953601","https://openalex.org/W1976556187","https://openalex.org/W1990871429","https://openalex.org/W2007463735","https://openalex.org/W2026769472","https://openalex.org/W2031389514","https://openalex.org/W2046391257","https://openalex.org/W2067951625","https://openalex.org/W2079181629","https://openalex.org/W2084944215","https://openalex.org/W2091135905","https://openalex.org/W2105335341","https://openalex.org/W2106357912","https://openalex.org/W2110323649","https://openalex.org/W2114649425","https://openalex.org/W2119600726","https://openalex.org/W2144049026","https://openalex.org/W2152829069","https://openalex.org/W2168454194","https://openalex.org/W2197843617","https://openalex.org/W2202359462","https://openalex.org/W2249804507","https://openalex.org/W2339183141","https://openalex.org/W2339406146","https://openalex.org/W2397642553","https://openalex.org/W2398473626","https://openalex.org/W2413609460","https://openalex.org/W2463088651","https://openalex.org/W2477742092","https://openalex.org/W2492304725","https://openalex.org/W2512244410","https://openalex.org/W2522521125","https://openalex.org/W2543936542","https://openalex.org/W2548602039","https://openalex.org/W2560331904","https://openalex.org/W2579387234","https://openalex.org/W2582041723","https://openalex.org/W2584256333","https://openalex.org/W2584257561","https://openalex.org/W2594401914","https://openalex.org/W2666703014","https://openalex.org/W2733332139","https://openalex.org/W2744333732","https://openalex.org/W2754520368","https://openalex.org/W2754972376","https://openalex.org/W2767297493","https://openalex.org/W2803274219","https://openalex.org/W2886561529","https://openalex.org/W2898529003","https://openalex.org/W2918865954","https://openalex.org/W2922220019","https://openalex.org/W2944238232","https://openalex.org/W2981822572","https://openalex.org/W2994912047","https://openalex.org/W4237403970"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210373942","https://openalex.org/W4225651249","https://openalex.org/W3184683492","https://openalex.org/W2548796344","https://openalex.org/W2494230889","https://openalex.org/W4244213135","https://openalex.org/W2943610907","https://openalex.org/W4280652461","https://openalex.org/W2972718276","https://openalex.org/W2889355398"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Purpose":[0],"Advancements":[1],"in":[2,27,40,53,64,111,147,161],"technology":[3],"require":[4],"that":[5,103,155],"everyone":[6],"is":[7,116],"skilled":[8],"with":[9,79,122],"computational":[10],"thinking":[11],"(CT),":[12],"problem-solving":[13,28],"and":[14,31,55,85,92],"computer":[15],"programming":[16,32,56,135],"skills.":[17],"This":[18,46,69],"study":[19,47,70,151],"aims":[20],"to":[21,108,141],"examine":[22],"the":[23,49,143],"development":[24,50],"of":[25,51,72,94,145],"CT":[26,52,110,156],"skills":[29,157],"(PSS)":[30],"learning":[33,43,57,67,175],"attitude":[34,58],"by":[35,59,90],"integrating":[36,60],"LEGO":[37,61],"robotics":[38,62,104],"kits":[39,63,125],"a":[41,65,73,117],"project-based":[42,66],"course.":[44,68],"Design/methodology/approach":[45],"examines":[48],"PSS":[54],"consists":[71],"single":[74],"group":[75],"pre-post-test":[76],"research":[77],"design":[78],"32":[80],"freshmen":[81,162],"university":[82,112,163],"students.":[83],"Quantitative":[84],"qualitative":[86],"data":[87],"were":[88],"collected":[89],"pre-post-tests":[91],"recording":[93],"classroom":[95],"discussions,":[96],"respectively.":[97],"Findings":[98],"Therefore,":[99],"this":[100],"finding":[101],"implies":[102],"can":[105],"be":[106,159],"used":[107],"develop":[109],"students;":[113],"however,":[114],"there":[115],"need":[118],"for":[119],"designing":[120],"curricula":[121],"advanced":[123],"robotic":[124],"as":[126],"artificial":[127],"intelligence":[128],"(AI)":[129],"has":[130],"become":[131],"more":[132],"prevalent.":[133],"Hence,":[134],"knowledge":[136],"learned":[137],"will":[138],"help":[139],"students":[140,164],"understand":[142],"application":[144],"robots":[146],"AI.":[148],"Originality/value":[149],"The":[150],"creates":[152],"educators'":[153],"awareness":[154],"might":[158],"developed":[160],"through":[165],"robotics.":[166],"However,":[167],"many":[168],"still":[169],"consider":[170],"them":[171],"toys":[172],"rather":[173],"than":[174],"aids.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}