{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2091126685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/k-09-2013-0201","title":"A genetic programming hyper-heuristic for the multidimensional knapsack problem","display_name":"A genetic programming hyper-heuristic for the multidimensional knapsack problem","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-11-03","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2091126685","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/k-09-2013-0201","mag":"2091126685"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1108/k-09-2013-0201","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/k-09-2013-0201","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168682784","display_name":"Kybernetes","issn_l":"0368-492X","issn":["0368-492X","1758-7883"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Kybernetes","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/725255","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102900772","display_name":"John H. Drake","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8278-2207"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","display_name":"University of Nottingham","ror":"https://ror.org/01ee9ar58","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"John H Drake","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK","School of Computer Science; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080865892","display_name":"Matthew Hyde","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8275-3919"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","display_name":"University of Nottingham","ror":"https://ror.org/01ee9ar58","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matthew Hyde","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK","School of Computer Science; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024927714","display_name":"Khaled H. Ibrahim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8264-8016"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","display_name":"University of Nottingham","ror":"https://ror.org/01ee9ar58","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Khaled Ibrahim","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK","School of Computer Science; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020026827","display_name":"Ender \u00d6zcan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0276-1391"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","display_name":"University of Nottingham","ror":"https://ror.org/01ee9ar58","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ender Ozcan","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK","School of Computer Science; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computer Science; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102900772"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.109,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":52,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97342781,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"43","issue":"9/10","first_page":"1500","last_page":"1511"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12176","display_name":"Optimization and Packing Problems","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12176","display_name":"Optimization and Packing Problems","score":0.9991999864578247,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10567","display_name":"Vehicle Routing Optimization Methods","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10100","display_name":"Metaheuristic Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.9948999881744385,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knapsack-problem","display_name":"Knapsack problem","score":0.9108755588531494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristics","display_name":"Heuristics","score":0.8279323577880859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-programming","display_name":"Genetic programming","score":0.6263322234153748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heuristic","display_name":"Heuristic","score":0.6235976219177246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genetic-algorithm","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","score":0.5474229454994202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/continuous-knapsack-problem","display_name":"Continuous knapsack problem","score":0.5377734899520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyper-heuristic","display_name":"Hyper-heuristic","score":0.5294541716575623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5285061001777649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5041331052780151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranking","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","score":0.48727691173553467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematical-optimization","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","score":0.4636676609516144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/constructive","display_name":"Constructive","score":0.4409013092517853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3792650103569031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.29732587933540344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.11120760440826416}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113138325","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864457","display_name":"Knapsack problem","level":2,"score":0.9108755588531494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127705205","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5748245","display_name":"Heuristics","level":2,"score":0.8279323577880859},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110332635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q629498","display_name":"Genetic programming","level":2,"score":0.6263322234153748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173801870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q201413","display_name":"Heuristic","level":2,"score":0.6235976219177246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8880873","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187787","display_name":"Genetic algorithm","level":2,"score":0.5474229454994202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94569963","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165487","display_name":"Continuous knapsack problem","level":3,"score":0.5377734899520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C117270229","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5957539","display_name":"Hyper-heuristic","level":5,"score":0.5294541716575623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5285061001777649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5041331052780151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.48727691173553467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.4636676609516144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778701210","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28130034","display_name":"Constructive","level":3,"score":0.4409013092517853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3792650103569031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.29732587933540344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.11120760440826416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19966478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4810574","display_name":"Mobile robot","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188888258","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353390","display_name":"Robot learning","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1108/k-09-2013-0201","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/k-09-2013-0201","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168682784","display_name":"Kybernetes","issn_l":"0368-492X","issn":["0368-492X","1758-7883"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Kybernetes","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.368.5880","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.368.5880","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://www.cs.nott.ac.uk/~exo/docs/publications/cis2012_GP_MKP.pdf","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:eprints.nottingham.ac.uk:32174","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.emeraldinsight.com/doi/full/10.1108/K-09-2013-0201","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402013","display_name":"Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","host_organization_name":"University of Nottingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:nottingham-repository.worktribe.com:725255","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/725255","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402483","display_name":"Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","host_organization_name":"University of Nottingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:nottingham-repository.worktribe.com:725255","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://nottingham-repository.worktribe.com/output/725255","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402483","display_name":"Repository@Nottingham (University of Nottingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I142263535","host_organization_name":"University of Nottingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I142263535"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Journal Article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6794522244","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/J017515/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W72506400","https://openalex.org/W78763269","https://openalex.org/W111307319","https://openalex.org/W610417251","https://openalex.org/W1536647479","https://openalex.org/W1545379711","https://openalex.org/W1547788791","https://openalex.org/W1549861824","https://openalex.org/W1576818901","https://openalex.org/W1586409345","https://openalex.org/W1594945786","https://openalex.org/W1599788132","https://openalex.org/W1745341198","https://openalex.org/W1814515812","https://openalex.org/W1820078070","https://openalex.org/W1972300623","https://openalex.org/W1972314001","https://openalex.org/W1980025264","https://openalex.org/W1986351702","https://openalex.org/W2009308192","https://openalex.org/W2011039300","https://openalex.org/W2022338859","https://openalex.org/W2033971020","https://openalex.org/W2034850884","https://openalex.org/W2040147130","https://openalex.org/W2045411541","https://openalex.org/W2059423289","https://openalex.org/W2064992881","https://openalex.org/W2069277547","https://openalex.org/W2072441740","https://openalex.org/W2089131950","https://openalex.org/W2093436788","https://openalex.org/W2094232889","https://openalex.org/W2097006520","https://openalex.org/W2106433410","https://openalex.org/W2113868012","https://openalex.org/W2137654273","https://openalex.org/W2140003718","https://openalex.org/W2140494408","https://openalex.org/W2140759234","https://openalex.org/W2148948822","https://openalex.org/W2148996900","https://openalex.org/W2165207629","https://openalex.org/W2166858694","https://openalex.org/W2171682893","https://openalex.org/W2397851245","https://openalex.org/W2619488218","https://openalex.org/W3016885447","https://openalex.org/W3036035835","https://openalex.org/W4249571003","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W246960280","https://openalex.org/W2087209118","https://openalex.org/W2168163332","https://openalex.org/W2005493932","https://openalex.org/W179363847","https://openalex.org/W2381035939","https://openalex.org/W2145407993","https://openalex.org/W2378557713","https://openalex.org/W2141701778","https://openalex.org/W3169691842"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Purpose":[0],"\u2013":[1,57,122,147],"Hyper-heuristics":[2],"are":[3,107],"a":[4,13,22,42,65,72,82,94,110,126,160,177,184,191,207],"class":[5],"of":[6,16,25,29,37,71,84,96,101,112,128,187,194],"high-level":[7],"search":[8,14,23,185,192],"techniques":[9],"which":[10,142],"operate":[11],"on":[12,21,61,109,183],"space":[15,24,186,193],"heuristics":[17,48,92,102,141,166,188],"rather":[18,189],"than":[19,190],"directly":[20],"solutions.":[26,195],"The":[27,123,220],"purpose":[28],"this":[30,149,199],"paper":[31],"is":[32,157,174,200],"to":[33,45,49,81,88,103,118,138,162,213,226],"investigate":[34],"the":[35,51,151,168,201,205,215],"suitability":[36],"using":[38,224],"genetic":[39,133,155],"programming":[40,134,156],"as":[41,159,176,180],"hyper-heuristic":[43,77,178,209],"methodology":[44],"generate":[46,90,139,163],"constructive":[47,140,165],"solve":[50,214],"multidimensional":[52,169,216],"0-1":[53,170,217],"knapsack":[54,105,171,218],"problem":[55],"Design/methodology/approach":[56],"Early":[58],"hyper-heuristics":[59],"focused":[60],"selecting":[62],"and":[63,115],"applying":[64],"low-level":[66],"heuristic":[67,97],"at":[68],"each":[69],"stage":[70],"search.":[73],"Recent":[74],"trends":[75],"in":[76,204],"research":[78,233],"have":[79],"led":[80],"number":[83],"approaches":[85],"being":[86],"developed":[87],"automatically":[89],"new":[91],"from":[93],"set":[95,127],"components.":[98],"A":[99],"population":[100],"rank":[104],"items":[106],"trained":[108],"subset":[111],"test":[113],"problems":[114],"then":[116],"applied":[117],"unseen":[119],"instances.":[120],"Findings":[121],"results":[124,221],"over":[125],"standard":[129],"benchmarks":[130],"show":[131,153],"that":[132,154,223],"can":[135],"be":[136],"used":[137,212],"yield":[143],"human-competitive":[144],"results.":[145],"Originality/value":[146],"In":[148],"work":[150],"authors":[152],"suitable":[158],"method":[161],"reusable":[164],"for":[167],"problem.":[172,219],"This":[173],"classified":[175],"approach":[179],"it":[181],"operates":[182],"To":[196],"our":[197],"knowledge,":[198],"first":[202],"time":[203],"literature":[206],"GP":[208,225],"has":[210],"been":[211],"suggest":[222],"evolve":[227],"ranking":[228],"mechanisms":[229],"merits":[230],"further":[231],"future":[232],"effort.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
