{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4391969031","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/k-04-2023-0642","title":"Attaining global peace and tourism competitiveness: linkages between tourism, security measures and economic stability","display_name":"Attaining global peace and tourism competitiveness: linkages between tourism, security measures and economic stability","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-02-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4391969031","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/k-04-2023-0642"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1108/k-04-2023-0642","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/k-04-2023-0642","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168682784","display_name":"Kybernetes","issn_l":"0368-492X","issn":["0368-492X","1758-7883"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Kybernetes","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057032095","display_name":"X Z Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9909-1641"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoying Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Management, Shanxi Vocational University of Engineering Science and Technology, Taiyuan, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9909-1641","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Management, Shanxi Vocational University of Engineering Science and Technology, Taiyuan, China","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085439459","display_name":"Qamar Ali","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8178-7591"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I79571142","display_name":"Virtual University of Pakistan","ror":"https://ror.org/00ya1zd25","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79571142"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qamar Ali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8178-7591","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, Virtual University of Pakistan, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I79571142"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026422617","display_name":"Muhammad Rizwan Yaseen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1019-6989"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194348271","display_name":"Government College University, Faisalabad","ror":"https://ror.org/051zgra59","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194348271"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Rizwan Yaseen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1019-6989","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194348271"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016008900","display_name":"Samuel Asumadu Sarkodie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5035-5983"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802079931","display_name":"Nord University","ror":"https://ror.org/030mwrt98","country_code":"NO","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2802079931"]}],"countries":["NO"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Samuel Asumadu Sarkodie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Business School, Nord Universitet, Bodo, Norway"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5035-5983","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Business School, Nord Universitet, Bodo, Norway","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802079931"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082072309","display_name":"Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1139-5568"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I194348271","display_name":"Government College University, Faisalabad","ror":"https://ror.org/051zgra59","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194348271"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Sohail Amjad Makhdum","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I194348271"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053332598","display_name":"Muhammad Tariq Iqbal Khan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8557-3390"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Tariq Iqbal Khan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Economics, Government Graduate College Jaranwala, Jaranwala, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8557-3390","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Economics, Government Graduate College Jaranwala, Jaranwala, Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8811,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75544305,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"54","issue":"6","first_page":"3358","last_page":"3382"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10055","display_name":"Diverse Aspects of Tourism Research","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10055","display_name":"Diverse Aspects of Tourism Research","score":0.9959999918937683,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12825","display_name":"Defense, Military, and Policy Studies","score":0.944599986076355,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2002","display_name":"Economics and Econometrics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10128","display_name":"Global trade and economics","score":0.9444000124931335,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2000","display_name":"General Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/20","display_name":"Economics, Econometrics and Finance"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tourism","display_name":"Tourism","score":0.880149245262146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cybernetics","display_name":"Cybernetics","score":0.7316255569458008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stability","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","score":0.6226217746734619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-system","display_name":"Economic system","score":0.4372681975364685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-stability","display_name":"Economic stability","score":0.429516077041626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.3675757050514221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economy","display_name":"Economy","score":0.32521891593933105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.3157052993774414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.30515575408935547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.19789698719978333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.15594464540481567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/macroeconomics","display_name":"Macroeconomics","score":0.08506062626838684}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18918823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q49389","display_name":"Tourism","level":2,"score":0.880149245262146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115286129","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123637","display_name":"Cybernetics","level":2,"score":0.7316255569458008},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112972136","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7595718","display_name":"Stability (learning theory)","level":2,"score":0.6226217746734619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74363100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q273005","display_name":"Economic system","level":1,"score":0.4372681975364685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73374054","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2995667","display_name":"Economic stability","level":2,"score":0.429516077041626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3675757050514221},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136264566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159810","display_name":"Economy","level":1,"score":0.32521891593933105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.3157052993774414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.30515575408935547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.19789698719978333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.15594464540481567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139719470","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39680","display_name":"Macroeconomics","level":1,"score":0.08506062626838684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1108/k-04-2023-0642","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/k-04-2023-0642","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S168682784","display_name":"Kybernetes","issn_l":"0368-492X","issn":["0368-492X","1758-7883"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Kybernetes","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.5600000023841858,"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":94,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W239526786","https://openalex.org/W1581526203","https://openalex.org/W1942065897","https://openalex.org/W1971798073","https://openalex.org/W1973338178","https://openalex.org/W1987155072","https://openalex.org/W2004832290","https://openalex.org/W2025610165","https://openalex.org/W2028995298","https://openalex.org/W2035554302","https://openalex.org/W2050142017","https://openalex.org/W2064177242","https://openalex.org/W2067402622","https://openalex.org/W2100159459","https://openalex.org/W2103937503","https://openalex.org/W2107565995","https://openalex.org/W2147422150","https://openalex.org/W2183009619","https://openalex.org/W2261010538","https://openalex.org/W2312269098","https://openalex.org/W2321802656","https://openalex.org/W2398118075","https://openalex.org/W2469559664","https://openalex.org/W2521666004","https://openalex.org/W2523604572","https://openalex.org/W2547026077","https://openalex.org/W2570411435","https://openalex.org/W2587488243","https://openalex.org/W2597784201","https://openalex.org/W2610870362","https://openalex.org/W2617896971","https://openalex.org/W2768061611","https://openalex.org/W2769207908","https://openalex.org/W2769888696","https://openalex.org/W2777087962","https://openalex.org/W2780744508","https://openalex.org/W2782505538","https://openalex.org/W2790917743","https://openalex.org/W2791484539","https://openalex.org/W2894327922","https://openalex.org/W2899289143","https://openalex.org/W2903289141","https://openalex.org/W2905322787","https://openalex.org/W2905835326","https://openalex.org/W2910697109","https://openalex.org/W2922249538","https://openalex.org/W2924483322","https://openalex.org/W2939094371","https://openalex.org/W2952078853","https://openalex.org/W2955308316","https://openalex.org/W2981381721","https://openalex.org/W2987271956","https://openalex.org/W2991154781","https://openalex.org/W2998179804","https://openalex.org/W2999214773","https://openalex.org/W3011865677","https://openalex.org/W3014800245","https://openalex.org/W3025970792","https://openalex.org/W3033901777","https://openalex.org/W3036866057","https://openalex.org/W3044817735","https://openalex.org/W3045713590","https://openalex.org/W3048397032","https://openalex.org/W3080243340","https://openalex.org/W3088742557","https://openalex.org/W3111500312","https://openalex.org/W3121403162","https://openalex.org/W3123095200","https://openalex.org/W3124091918","https://openalex.org/W3124189224","https://openalex.org/W3125524400","https://openalex.org/W3128228020","https://openalex.org/W3130973505","https://openalex.org/W3131295896","https://openalex.org/W3158287780","https://openalex.org/W3162790399","https://openalex.org/W3174025934","https://openalex.org/W3183004431","https://openalex.org/W3203441079","https://openalex.org/W3209326012","https://openalex.org/W3213889460","https://openalex.org/W3217094612","https://openalex.org/W4211247820","https://openalex.org/W4248231216","https://openalex.org/W4281606161","https://openalex.org/W4282967080","https://openalex.org/W4283030930","https://openalex.org/W4306149604","https://openalex.org/W4307350868","https://openalex.org/W4312654715","https://openalex.org/W4313528197","https://openalex.org/W4319439207","https://openalex.org/W4324380847","https://openalex.org/W6679961331"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W226730667","https://openalex.org/W1992148920","https://openalex.org/W4387906327","https://openalex.org/W2045833707","https://openalex.org/W2509670760","https://openalex.org/W4387906433","https://openalex.org/W2006997639","https://openalex.org/W2389144530","https://openalex.org/W4234265173","https://openalex.org/W1968707856"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Purpose":[0],"The":[1,17,136,148,160,181,258,282],"Sustainable":[2],"Development":[3],"Goal":[4],"(SDG)":[5],"16":[6],"outlines":[7],"sustainability":[8],"as":[9,314],"associated":[10],"with":[11],"peace,":[12],"good":[13],"governance":[14],"and":[15,25,36,53,87,130,171,199,247,270,294,333,352,355,364,402],"justice.":[16],"perception":[18],"of":[19,44,83,96,138,150,216,229,317,323,327,338,362,373,380,383,387,394],"international":[20],"tourists":[21,342],"about":[22],"security":[23,324,374],"measures":[24],"risks":[26],"is":[27,152,188,221,265,289],"a":[28,79,88,176,203,252,274,298,318,377,384],"key":[29],"factor":[30],"affecting":[31],"destination":[32],"choices,":[33],"tourist":[34],"flow":[35],"overall":[37],"satisfaction.":[38],"Thus,":[39],"we":[40],"investigate":[41],"the":[42,139,184,207,214,217,261,278,285,302,371,392,406],"impact":[43,149,220,228],"armed":[45,103],"forces":[46,104],"personnel,":[47,325],"prices,":[48],"economic":[49,395,398],"stability,":[50],"financial":[51,279,400],"development":[52,280,401],"infrastructure":[54,303],"on":[55,376],"tourism.":[56,97,388],"Design/methodology/approach":[57],"This":[58,76],"research":[59],"used":[60],"data":[61],"from":[62,65,143],"130":[63],"countries":[64],"1995":[66],"to":[67,145,341],"2019,":[68],"which":[69],"were":[70],"divided":[71],"into":[72],"four":[73],"income":[74,110],"groups.":[75,147],"study":[77],"employs":[78],"two-step":[80],"generalized":[81],"method":[82],"moments":[84],"(GMM)":[85],"technique":[86],"novel":[89],"tourism":[90,107,163,186,219,263,287,381],"index":[91,187,264,288,379],"comprising":[92],"five":[93],"relevant":[94],"indicators":[95],"Findings":[98],"A":[99,226],"1%":[100,177,204,253,275,299],"increase":[101,178,182,254,283],"in":[102,108,155,162,166,169,173,179,183,190,206,223,237,242,245,249,255,260,277,284,301,405],"personnel":[105,375],"expands":[106],"all":[109,156,238],"groups":[111],"\u2013":[112],"0.369%":[113],"High":[114],"Income":[115,121,127,133],"Countries":[116,122,128,134],"(HICs),":[117,267,291],"0.348%":[118],"Upper":[119],"Middle":[120,126],"(UMICs),":[123],"0.247%":[124],"Lower":[125],"(LMICs)":[129,272],"0.139%":[131],"Low":[132],"(LICs).":[135],"size":[137],"tourism-safety":[140],"coefficient":[141],"decreases":[142],"high":[144],"low-income":[146],"inflation":[151],"significantly":[153],"negative":[154],"panels,":[157],"excluding":[158],"LICs.":[159],"reduction":[161],"was":[164,235],"0.033%":[165],"HICs,":[167,243],"0.049%":[168],"UMICs":[170,197,246],"0.029%":[172],"LMICs":[174,195,250],"for":[175,202,251,273,297],"prices.":[180],"global":[185,262,286],"more":[189],"LICs":[191],"(0.055%),":[192],"followed":[193],"by":[194],"(0.024%),":[196],"(0.009%)":[198],"HICs":[200],"(0.004%)":[201],"expansion":[205],"gross":[208],"domestic":[209],"product":[210],"(GDP)/capita":[211],"growth.":[212],"However,":[213],"magnitude":[215],"growth-led":[218],"greater":[222],"developing":[224],"countries.":[225],"positive":[227],"foreign":[230],"direct":[231],"investment":[232],"(FDI)":[233],"inflow":[234],"found":[236],"panels":[239],"like":[240,343],"0.016%":[241],"0.050%":[244],"0.119%":[248],"FDI":[256,403],"inflow.":[257],"rise":[259,276,300],"0.097%":[266],"0.124%":[268],"(UMICs)":[269,293],"0.310%":[271],"index.":[281,304],"0.487%":[290],"0.420%":[292],"0.136%":[295],"(LICs)":[296],"Research":[305],"limitations/implications":[306],"Empirical":[307],"analysis":[308],"infers":[309],"important":[310],"policy":[311],"implications":[312],"such":[313],"(a)":[315],"establishment":[316],"peaceful":[319],"environment":[320],"via":[321],"recruitment":[322],"use":[326],"safe":[328],"city":[329],"cameras,":[330],"modern":[331],"technology":[332],"law":[334],"enforcement;":[335],"(b)":[336],"provision":[337],"basic":[339],"facilities":[340],"sanitation,":[344],"drinking":[345],"water,":[346],"electricity,":[347],"accommodation,":[348],"quality":[349],"food,":[350],"fuel":[351],"communication":[353],"network":[354],"(c)":[356],"price":[357],"stability":[358,396],"through":[359],"different":[360],"tools":[361],"monetary":[363],"fiscal":[365],"policy.":[366],"Originality/value":[367],"First,":[368],"it":[369,390],"explains":[370],"effect":[372],"comprehensive":[378],"instead":[382],"single":[385],"variable":[386],"Second,":[389],"captures":[391],"importance":[393],"(i.e.,":[397],"growth,":[399],"inflow)":[404],"tourism\u2013peace":[407],"nexus.":[408]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}