{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3036329780","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jices-04-2020-0041","title":"Broadband adoption in urban and suburban California: information-based outreach programs ineffective at closing the digital divide","display_name":"Broadband adoption in urban and suburban California: information-based outreach programs ineffective at closing the digital divide","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-06-18","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3036329780","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jices-04-2020-0041","mag":"3036329780"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1108/jices-04-2020-0041","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jices-04-2020-0041","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S102320310","display_name":"Journal of Information Communication and Ethics in Society","issn_l":"1477-996X","issn":["1477-996X","1758-8871"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059264458","display_name":"Lloyd Levine","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I103635307","display_name":"University of California, Riverside","ror":"https://ror.org/03nawhv43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Lloyd Levine","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Public Policy, University of California, Riverside, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Public Policy, University of California, Riverside, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5059264458"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I103635307"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3387,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85708271,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":"3","first_page":"431","last_page":"459"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11499","display_name":"ICT Impact and Policies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11499","display_name":"ICT Impact and Policies","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10674","display_name":"School Choice and Performance","score":0.968999981880188,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11461","display_name":"Local Government Finance and Decentralization","score":0.9397000074386597,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-divide","display_name":"Digital divide","score":0.8841090202331543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/outreach","display_name":"Outreach","score":0.8236145973205566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/closing","display_name":"Closing (real estate)","score":0.6096378564834595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/broadband","display_name":"Broadband","score":0.5533018708229065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.4565448760986328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-growth","display_name":"Economic growth","score":0.331565797328949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.2810066342353821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.24412289261817932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.20158839225769043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.19936886429786682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.19020012021064758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/finance","display_name":"Finance","score":0.13322889804840088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.08365961909294128}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173655357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244752","display_name":"Digital divide","level":3,"score":0.8841090202331543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781400479","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11640","display_name":"Outreach","level":2,"score":0.8236145973205566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778775528","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5135432","display_name":"Closing (real estate)","level":2,"score":0.6096378564834595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509933004","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194163","display_name":"Broadband","level":2,"score":0.5533018708229065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.4565448760986328},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.331565797328949},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.2810066342353821},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.24412289261817932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20158839225769043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.19936886429786682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.19020012021064758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.13322889804840088},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.08365961909294128}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1108/jices-04-2020-0041","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jices-04-2020-0041","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S102320310","display_name":"Journal of Information Communication and Ethics in Society","issn_l":"1477-996X","issn":["1477-996X","1758-8871"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/1","score":0.4699999988079071,"display_name":"No poverty"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1523112744","https://openalex.org/W2032595283","https://openalex.org/W2155154058","https://openalex.org/W2327379274","https://openalex.org/W2333001492","https://openalex.org/W2784420679","https://openalex.org/W2902401306","https://openalex.org/W2916384999"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2410491632","https://openalex.org/W2506070082","https://openalex.org/W2109742611","https://openalex.org/W3121998239","https://openalex.org/W3211295480","https://openalex.org/W2921849823","https://openalex.org/W2937831315","https://openalex.org/W2005944470","https://openalex.org/W2087337471","https://openalex.org/W2492916671"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Purpose":[0],"The":[1,84,124,156,213],"digital":[2,82,122,187,214],"divide":[3,188,215],"has":[4,204],"persisted":[5],"in":[6,68,101,126,266,285],"California":[7],"and":[8,30,50,89,151,219,222,233,241,247,256,278,342,354],"the":[9,16,20,43,73,81,121,139,148,163,168,179,186,237,252,282,289,296],"USA":[10],"as":[11,243,355],"a":[12,264,336,358],"whole":[13],"at":[14,79,119],"approximately":[15],"same":[17,238],"level":[18],"for":[19,314],"past":[21,180],"decade.":[22],"This":[23,39,105,259,273],"is":[24,295],"despite":[25],"multiple":[26],"programs":[27,304,334],"being":[28,34],"created":[29],"billions":[31],"of":[32,75,133,158,281,291,299,339],"dollars":[33],"spent":[35],"to":[36,45,51,92,131,174,184,194,228,302,306,319,350],"close":[37,185],"it.":[38],"paper":[40,71,128,160,260,274,298],"examines":[41,72],"why":[42],"efforts":[44,78,183],"date":[46],"have":[47,189],"been":[48],"ineffective":[49,118],"offers":[52],"policy":[53],"alternatives":[54],"that":[55,108,137,166,209,224,262,309],"might":[56],"be":[57,172,311],"more":[58],"successful.":[59],"Design/methodology/approach":[60],"Using":[61],"data":[62,308,325,344],"from":[63,327],"three,":[64],"variable":[65],"constrained":[66],"projects":[67,85],"California,":[69],"this":[70,127,159,294],"effectiveness":[74,322,360],"information-based":[76],"outreach":[77,88],"closing":[80,120],"divide.":[83,123],"tested":[86],"various":[87],"enrollment":[90],"methods":[91],"see":[93],"which,":[94],"if":[95],"any,":[96],"could":[97],"increase":[98],"broadband":[99,115,202],"adoption":[100,203],"low-income":[102,110,195],"households.":[103,196],"Findings":[104],"project":[106],"found":[107],"providing":[109,192],"households\u2019":[111],"information":[112,193],"about":[113],"low-cost":[114],"offerings":[116],"was":[117],"findings":[125,157],"were":[129,347],"similar":[130],"those":[132,226,268,333],"two":[134,198],"other":[135],"works":[136,164],"examined":[138],"federal":[140],"Broadband":[141],"Technology":[142],"Opportunities":[143],"Program":[144],"(BTOP)":[145],"grants":[146],"under":[147],"American":[149],"Recovery":[150],"Reinvestment":[152],"Act.":[153],"Practical":[154],"implications":[155,212],"along":[161],"with":[162,236],"cited":[165],"evaluated":[167,313],"BTOP":[169],"program":[170,321],"should":[171],"enough":[173],"change":[175,265],"public":[176],"policy.":[177],"For":[178],"ten":[181],"years,":[182],"focused":[190],"on":[191],"However,":[197,332],"independent":[199],"surveys":[200],"show":[201],"remained":[205],"virtually":[206],"flat":[207],"during":[208],"period.":[210],"Social":[211],"brings":[216],"concomitant":[217],"economic":[218],"education":[220,255],"harms":[221,250,269],"challenges":[223],"plague":[225],"unable":[227],"access":[229],"information,":[230],"services,":[231],"educational":[232],"employment":[234],"opportunities":[235],"ease,":[239],"speed":[240],"sufficiency":[242],"their":[244],"connected":[245],"peers":[246],"neighbors.":[248],"Those":[249],"exacerbate":[251],"already":[253],"existing":[254,286],"income":[257],"divides.":[258],"shows":[261],"without":[263],"strategy,":[267],"will":[270],"persist.":[271],"Originality/value":[272],"breaks":[275],"new":[276],"ground":[277],"addresses":[279],"one":[280],"weaknesses":[283],"identified":[284],"research.":[287],"To":[288],"best":[290],"author\u2019s":[292],"knowledge,":[293],"first":[297],"its":[300],"type":[301],"use":[303],"designed":[305,349],"generate":[307],"can":[310],"empirically":[312],"effectiveness.":[315],"Prior":[316],"studies":[317],"attempted":[318],"assess":[320],"by":[323],"using":[324],"generated":[326],"fully":[328],"implemented":[329],"government":[330],"programs.":[331],"contained":[335],"vast":[337],"number":[338],"unidentified":[340],"variables":[341],"insufficient":[343],"collection.":[345],"They":[346],"not":[348],"facilitate":[351],"academic":[352],"evaluation,":[353],"such":[356],"made":[357],"true":[359],"evaluation":[361],"challenging.":[362]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T09:19:25.381259","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
