{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4409957853","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jices-01-2025-0011","title":"Painting in gray: the legal and ethical ambiguities of AI-generated art","display_name":"Painting in gray: the legal and ethical ambiguities of AI-generated art","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4409957853","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jices-01-2025-0011"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1108/jices-01-2025-0011","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jices-01-2025-0011","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S102320310","display_name":"Journal of Information Communication and Ethics in Society","issn_l":"1477-996X","issn":["1477-996X","1758-8871"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073142816","display_name":"Joshua Cunningham","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0761-9952"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I178605575","display_name":"Robert Morris University","ror":"https://ror.org/03r24vd05","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I178605575"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Joshua Cunningham","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Data Intelligence and Technology, Robert Morris University, Moon Township, Pennsylvania, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Data Intelligence and Technology, Robert Morris University, Moon Township, Pennsylvania, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178605575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073142816"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I178605575"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":11.0116,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98328004,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"3","first_page":"384","last_page":"391"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9922999739646912,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10648","display_name":"Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts","score":0.978600025177002,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12650","display_name":"Aesthetic Perception and Analysis","score":0.9545999765396118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gray","display_name":"Gray (unit)","score":0.8562601208686829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/painting","display_name":"Painting","score":0.6271944642066956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.40398380160331726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.39579468965530396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/art-history","display_name":"Art history","score":0.36308565735816956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/art","display_name":"Art","score":0.32984459400177}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166275286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190095","display_name":"Gray (unit)","level":2,"score":0.8562601208686829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205783811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11629","display_name":"Painting","level":2,"score":0.6271944642066956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.40398380160331726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.39579468965530396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52119013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50637","display_name":"Art history","level":1,"score":0.36308565735816956},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.32984459400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1108/jices-01-2025-0011","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jices-01-2025-0011","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S102320310","display_name":"Journal of Information Communication and Ethics in Society","issn_l":"1477-996X","issn":["1477-996X","1758-8871"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2903893359","https://openalex.org/W2964268190","https://openalex.org/W3085717713","https://openalex.org/W4320730302","https://openalex.org/W4367299653","https://openalex.org/W4386242492","https://openalex.org/W4387891245","https://openalex.org/W4388825544","https://openalex.org/W4402551159"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3183948672","https://openalex.org/W3173606202","https://openalex.org/W3110381201","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W1531601525","https://openalex.org/W2043054272","https://openalex.org/W2297736156","https://openalex.org/W2272501286","https://openalex.org/W3193615524"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Purpose":[0],"This":[1,188,278,388,465],"paper":[2,59,89,95,279,389,466],"aims":[3],"to":[4,51,160,255,287,289,307,311,333,345,359,412,441,503,520,534,548],"examine":[5],"the":[6,13,38,53,61,107,144,162,168,182,203,231,241,271,281,290,313,340,391,398,401,409,420,427,435,457,472,505,554],"legal":[7,28,125,156,197,211,267,285,302,481],"and":[8,24,37,63,69,75,120,138,199,209,246,251,265,301,324,352,386,408,433,477,485,494,529,545,553],"ethical":[9,141,347,421,484,528],"challenges":[10,133,314],"posed":[11,315],"by":[12,192,316,424,537],"rise":[14],"of":[15,21,41,55,66,136,146,164,170,184,206,243,273,292,321,342,371,384,394,400,404,430,437,450,460,471,507,517],"AI-generated":[16,103,131,274,293,508],"art,":[17,104],"focusing":[18],"on":[19,195,221,240],"issues":[20],"copyright,":[22],"authorship,":[23,139],"creativity.":[25],"By":[26,488],"analyzing":[27],"precedents,":[29],"such":[30,115],"as":[31,77,116,149,202,259],"Thaler":[32],"v.":[33],"US":[34],"Copyright":[35],"Office,":[36],"broader":[39],"implications":[40,212,232,277,367],"generative":[42,207,317,475],"AI":[43,67,208,343,372,451,476],"platforms,":[44],"it":[45,218,338,497],"explores":[46,60,390],"how":[47],"current":[48],"laws":[49,310],"fail":[50],"address":[52,270,312],"complexities":[54,272,506],"machine-created":[56],"works.":[57,336],"The":[58,84,94,127,152,319,368,445,510],"societal":[62,392,439,486],"philosophical":[64,410,530],"impact":[65,393],"art":[68,132,373],"provide":[70],"insights":[71,298,540],"for":[72,236,262,284,299,330,525],"policymakers,":[73],"artists,":[74],"technologists":[76],"they":[78],"navigate":[79,442],"this":[80,88,395],"evolving":[81],"landscape.":[82],"Design/methodology/approach":[83],"design":[85],"adopted":[86],"in":[87,99,181,349,415,514,550],"is":[90,190],"content":[91],"review.":[92],"Findings":[93],"identifies":[96],"significant":[97],"gaps":[98],"copyright":[100,223,309,478],"law":[101],"regarding":[102],"particularly":[105],"around":[106],"Human":[108],"Authorship":[109],"Requirement.":[110],"It":[111,295,418,532],"highlights":[112,339],"ongoing":[113,535],"lawsuits,":[114],"those":[117],"against":[118],"Midjourney":[119],"Google,":[121],"which":[122,225],"underscore":[123],"unresolved":[124],"ambiguities.":[126,531],"findings":[128,258,446],"reveal":[129],"that":[130,155,269,541],"traditional":[134,382],"notions":[135,383],"creativity":[137,180],"raising":[140],"concerns":[142,422],"about":[143],"use":[145,256,429],"human-created":[147],"works":[148,432],"training":[150,325],"data.":[151],"study":[153],"concludes":[154],"frameworks":[157,268,286],"must":[158,175],"evolve":[159],"balance":[161],"protection":[163],"human":[165,405,413],"creators":[166],"with":[167,177,483],"realities":[169,291],"AI\u2019s":[171],"capabilities,":[172],"while":[173,362,455],"society":[174],"grapple":[176],"redefining":[178],"artistic":[179,406,462,495],"age":[183],"automation.":[185],"Research":[186],"limitations/implications":[187],"research":[189],"limited":[191],"its":[193,210,515],"reliance":[194],"existing":[196],"cases":[198],"secondary":[200],"data,":[201],"fast-evolving":[204],"nature":[205],"precludes":[213],"comprehensive":[214],"real-time":[215],"analysis.":[216],"Furthermore,":[217],"focuses":[219],"primarily":[220],"U.S.":[222],"law,":[224,479,551],"may":[226],"not":[227],"generalize":[228],"globally.":[229],"However,":[230],"are":[233,253,542],"far-reaching,":[234],"calling":[235],"further":[237],"interdisciplinary":[238,501],"studies":[239],"intersection":[242,473],"AI,":[244],"ethics":[245],"intellectual":[247,364],"property":[248],"law.":[249],"Policymakers":[250],"stakeholders":[252,549],"encouraged":[254],"these":[257,443],"a":[260,356,468,499,522],"foundation":[261],"crafting":[263],"flexible":[264],"inclusive":[266],"content.":[275,294],"Practical":[276],"underscores":[280],"urgent":[282],"need":[283],"adapt":[288],"provides":[296,498],"actionable":[297],"policymakers":[300],"practitioners,":[303],"outlining":[304],"potential":[305],"pathways":[306],"update":[308],"AI.":[318],"discussion":[320],"data":[322],"poisoning":[323],"datasets":[326],"offers":[327,467],"practical":[328],"solutions":[329],"artists":[331,425],"seeking":[332],"protect":[334],"their":[335,431],"Additionally,":[337],"responsibilities":[341],"developers":[344],"implement":[346],"practices":[348],"dataset":[350],"creation":[351],"user":[353],"guidance,":[354],"ensuring":[355],"balanced":[357,448],"approach":[358,502],"fostering":[360,438],"innovation":[361],"respecting":[363],"property.":[365],"Social":[366],"widespread":[369],"accessibility":[370],"platforms":[374],"has":[375],"democratized":[376],"creative":[377,416,453,555],"expression":[378],"but":[379],"also":[380],"disrupted":[381],"artistry":[385],"authorship.":[387],"disruption,":[396],"including":[397],"erosion":[399],"perceived":[402],"value":[403],"craftsmanship":[407],"challenge":[411],"uniqueness":[414],"endeavors.":[417],"emphasizes":[419],"raised":[423],"over":[426],"unauthorized":[428],"stresses":[434],"importance":[436],"dialogue":[440],"tensions.":[444],"encourage":[447],"integration":[449,516],"into":[452],"fields":[454],"preserving":[456],"cultural":[458],"significance":[459],"human-driven":[461],"expression.":[463],"Originality/value":[464],"novel":[469],"exploration":[470],"between":[474],"blending":[480],"analysis":[482],"considerations.":[487],"examining":[489],"real-world":[490],"cases,":[491],"emerging":[492],"technologies":[493],"perspectives,":[496],"unique":[500],"understanding":[504],"art.":[509],"study\u2019s":[511],"originality":[512],"lies":[513],"diverse":[518],"viewpoints":[519],"propose":[521],"forward-looking":[523],"framework":[524],"addressing":[526],"legal,":[527],"contributes":[533],"debates":[536],"offering":[538],"critical":[539],"both":[543],"theoretical":[544],"practical,":[546],"relevant":[547],"technology":[552],"industries.":[556]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-07-30T17:31:21.811387","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}