{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7140186002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jd-07-2025-0203","title":"Knowledge graphs generation from cultural heritage texts: combining LLMs and ontological engineering for scholarly debates","display_name":"Knowledge graphs generation from cultural heritage texts: combining LLMs and ontological engineering for scholarly debates","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-20","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7140186002","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jd-07-2025-0203"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1108/jd-07-2025-0203","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jd-07-2025-0203","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10082577","display_name":"Journal of Documentation","issn_l":"0022-0418","issn":["0022-0418","1758-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Documentation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jd-07-2025-0203","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Andrea Schimmenti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7865-7537"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097606","display_name":"GNA University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cy7e479","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097606"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IN","IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Schimmenti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna , ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7865-7537","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294","https://openalex.org/I4210097606"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Valentina Pasqual","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5931-5187"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800371562","display_name":"Societ\u00e0 Italiana di Fisica","ror":"https://ror.org/03bbgsb46","country_code":"IT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800371562"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Valentina Pasqual","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Classical Philology and Italian Studies, Digital Humanities Advanced Research Center (/DH.arc), University of Bologna , ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5931-5187","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Classical Philology and Italian Studies, Digital Humanities Advanced Research Center (/DH.arc), University of Bologna , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800371562"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Fabio Vitali","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210097606","display_name":"GNA University","ror":"https://ror.org/00cy7e479","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210097606"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I9360294","display_name":"University of Bologna","ror":"https://ror.org/01111rn36","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I9360294"]}],"countries":["IN","IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabio Vitali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna , ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Bologna , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I9360294","https://openalex.org/I4210097606"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Marieke van Erp","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9195-8203"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124966","display_name":"Innovation Cluster (Canada)","ror":"https://ror.org/02x8ye509","country_code":"CA","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124966"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marieke van Erp","raw_affiliation_strings":["DHLab, KNAW Humanities Cluster , ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9195-8203","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"DHLab, KNAW Humanities Cluster , ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124966"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210097606","https://openalex.org/I9360294"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63970042,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"82","issue":"7","first_page":"206","last_page":"250"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.7156999707221985,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11273","display_name":"Advanced Graph Neural Networks","score":0.7156999707221985,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.042899999767541885,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.03959999978542328,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metadata","display_name":"Metadata","score":0.7006000280380249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/annotation","display_name":"Annotation","score":0.6431999802589417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.5425999760627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cultural-heritage","display_name":"Cultural heritage","score":0.5327000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/schema","display_name":"Schema (genetic algorithms)","score":0.48989999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-extraction","display_name":"Information extraction","score":0.45329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-extraction","display_name":"Knowledge extraction","score":0.3781999945640564}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C93518851","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180160","display_name":"Metadata","level":2,"score":0.7006000280380249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6984000205993652},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776321320","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q857525","display_name":"Annotation","level":2,"score":0.6431999802589417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.5425999760627747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60671577","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210272","display_name":"Cultural heritage","level":2,"score":0.5327000021934509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52146309","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7431116","display_name":"Schema (genetic algorithms)","level":2,"score":0.48989999294281006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195807954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662562","display_name":"Information extraction","level":2,"score":0.45329999923706055},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120567893","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1582085","display_name":"Knowledge extraction","level":2,"score":0.3781999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.35850000381469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.35350000858306885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.33390000462532043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84685590","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540472","display_name":"Knowledge engineering","level":2,"score":0.3124000132083893},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115925183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1412694","display_name":"Knowledge-based systems","level":2,"score":0.28690001368522644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.27399998903274536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2680000066757202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184356942","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830382","display_name":"Best practice","level":2,"score":0.2603999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986750623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830170","display_name":"Knowledge creation","level":3,"score":0.2596000134944916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207685749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2088941","display_name":"Domain knowledge","level":2,"score":0.25859999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171686336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3532085","display_name":"Topic model","level":2,"score":0.2554999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777220311","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6423340","display_name":"Knowledge acquisition","level":2,"score":0.25429999828338623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110615152","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1469824","display_name":"Controlled vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.2515999972820282}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1108/jd-07-2025-0203","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jd-07-2025-0203","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10082577","display_name":"Journal of Documentation","issn_l":"0022-0418","issn":["0022-0418","1758-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Documentation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.unibo.it:11585/1056060","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11585/1056060","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402579","display_name":"Archivio istituzionale della ricerca (Alma Mater Studiorum Universit\u00e0 di Bologna)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210117483","host_organization_name":"Istituto di Ematologia di Bologna","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210117483"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1108/jd-07-2025-0203","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/jd-07-2025-0203","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10082577","display_name":"Journal of Documentation","issn_l":"0022-0418","issn":["0022-0418","1758-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Documentation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","score":0.7240267395973206,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1494598016","https://openalex.org/W2053154970","https://openalex.org/W2110444463","https://openalex.org/W2154436599","https://openalex.org/W2404252634","https://openalex.org/W2565492299","https://openalex.org/W2739874095","https://openalex.org/W2767285693","https://openalex.org/W2898256678","https://openalex.org/W2912191242","https://openalex.org/W2963341956","https://openalex.org/W2970476646","https://openalex.org/W3001330211","https://openalex.org/W3087406266","https://openalex.org/W3156016289","https://openalex.org/W3216565015","https://openalex.org/W4210764005","https://openalex.org/W4225123286","https://openalex.org/W4239696231","https://openalex.org/W4285216439","https://openalex.org/W4308206224","https://openalex.org/W4363673959","https://openalex.org/W4367368216","https://openalex.org/W4388144143","https://openalex.org/W4389519254","https://openalex.org/W4393157852","https://openalex.org/W4394834299","https://openalex.org/W4399656293","https://openalex.org/W4401043472","https://openalex.org/W4402046272","https://openalex.org/W4403956910","https://openalex.org/W4404594861","https://openalex.org/W4404724679","https://openalex.org/W6902581739","https://openalex.org/W6910369402","https://openalex.org/W6930822284","https://openalex.org/W7135398259"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Purpose":[0],"Cultural":[1,34],"heritage":[2],"(CH)":[3],"texts":[4],"contain":[5],"rich":[6],"knowledge":[7,24,45,217,226],"that":[8],"is":[9,160,172,185],"difficult":[10],"to":[11,15,162,213],"query":[12],"systematically":[13,214],"due":[14],"the":[16,52,89,166,178,181,186],"challenges":[17],"of":[18,180],"converting":[19],"unstructured":[20],"discourse":[21,146],"into":[22,218],"structured":[23],"graphs":[25],"(KGs).":[26],"This":[27],"paper":[28],"introduces":[29],"ATR4CH":[30,63,197,209],"(Adaptive":[31],"Text-to-RDF":[32],"for":[33,40,125,130,135,139,145,190],"Heritage),":[35],"a":[36,55,101,199],"systematic":[37,188],"five-step":[38],"methodology":[39,53,117,189],"Large":[41],"Language":[42],"Model":[43],"(LLM)-based":[44],"extraction":[46,71,141,193],"from":[47],"CH":[48,121,195,204,211],"documents.":[49],"We":[50,87],"validate":[51],"through":[54,72],"case":[56],"study":[57],"on":[58],"authenticity":[59],"assessment":[60],"debates.":[61],"Design/methodology/approach":[62],"combines":[64],"annotation":[65,77],"models,":[66],"ontological":[67],"frameworks":[68],"and":[69,84,113,142,206,225],"LLM-based":[70,192],"iterative":[73],"development:":[74],"foundational":[75],"analysis,":[76],"schema":[78],"development,":[79],"pipeline":[80,103],"architecture,":[81],"integration":[82],"refinement":[83],"comprehensive":[85],"evaluation.":[86],"demonstrate":[88],"approach":[90],"using":[91],"Wikipedia":[92,163],"articles":[93],"about":[94],"disputed":[95],"items":[96],"(documents,":[97],"artifacts,":[98],"etc.),":[99],"implementing":[100],"sequential":[102],"with":[104,194],"three":[105],"LLMs":[106],"(Claude":[107],"Sonnet":[108],"3.7,":[109],"Llama":[110],"3.3":[111],"70B":[112],"GPT-4o-mini).":[114],"Findings":[115],"The":[116,157],"successfully":[118],"extracts":[119],"complex":[120],"knowledge:":[122],"0.96\u20130.99":[123],"F1":[124,129,134],"metadata":[126,223],"extraction,":[127,137],"0.7\u20130.8":[128],"entity":[131],"recognition,":[132],"0.65\u20130.75":[133],"hypothesis":[136],"0.95\u20130.97":[138],"evidence":[140],"0.62":[143],"G-EVAL":[144],"representation.":[147],"Smaller":[148],"models":[149],"performed":[150],"competitively,":[151],"enabling":[152],"cost-effective":[153],"deployment.":[154],"Research":[155],"limitations/implications":[156],"produced":[158],"KG":[159],"limited":[161],"articles.":[164],"While":[165],"results":[167],"are":[168],"encouraging,":[169],"human":[170],"oversight":[171],"necessary":[173],"during":[174],"post-processing.":[175],"Originality/value":[176],"To":[177],"best":[179],"authors\u2019":[182],"knowledge,":[183],"this":[184],"first":[187],"coordinating":[191],"ontologies.":[196],"provides":[198],"replicable":[200],"framework":[201],"adaptable":[202],"across":[203],"domains":[205],"institutional":[207],"resources.":[208],"enables":[210],"institutions":[212],"convert":[215],"textual":[216],"queryable":[219],"KGs,":[220],"supporting":[221],"automated":[222],"enrichment":[224],"discovery.":[227]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-03-26T06:05:38.182114","created_date":"2026-03-25T00:00:00"}
