{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4229079390","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/intr-08-2021-0600","title":"How to explain AI systems to end users: a systematic literature review and research agenda","display_name":"How to explain AI systems to end users: a systematic literature review and research agenda","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-05-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4229079390","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/intr-08-2021-0600"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1108/intr-08-2021-0600","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/intr-08-2021-0600","pdf_url":"https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/INTR-08-2021-0600/full/pdf?title=how-to-explain-ai-systems-to-end-users-a-systematic-literature-review-and-research-agenda","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63576417","display_name":"Internet Research","issn_l":"1066-2243","issn":["1066-2243","2054-5657"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Internet Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"review","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/INTR-08-2021-0600/full/pdf?title=how-to-explain-ai-systems-to-end-users-a-systematic-literature-review-and-research-agenda","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077580789","display_name":"Samuli Laato","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4285-0073"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155660961","display_name":"University of Turku","ror":"https://ror.org/05vghhr25","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Samuli Laato","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computing, University of Turku, Turku, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4285-0073","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computing, University of Turku, Turku, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022204681","display_name":"Miika Tiainen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I155660961","display_name":"University of Turku","ror":"https://ror.org/05vghhr25","country_code":"FI","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}],"countries":["FI"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miika Tiainen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Turku School of Economics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Turku School of Economics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038071005","display_name":"A.K.M. Najmul Islam","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2236-3278"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A.K.M. Najmul Islam","raw_affiliation_strings":["Turun Yliopisto, Tampere, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2236-3278","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Turun Yliopisto, Tampere, Finland","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065472011","display_name":"Matti M\u00e4ntym\u00e4ki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1981-566X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matti M\u00e4ntym\u00e4ki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Turun Kauppakorkeakoulu, Turku, Finland"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1981-566X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Turun Kauppakorkeakoulu, Turku, Finland","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5077580789"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I155660961"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.8236,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":145,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96791444,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"7","first_page":"1","last_page":"31"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10883","display_name":"Ethics and Social Impacts of AI","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12026","display_name":"Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10270","display_name":"Blockchain Technology Applications and Security","score":0.9829000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/originality","display_name":"Originality","score":0.7057287693023682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.7007797956466675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6580491065979004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic review","score":0.5663516521453857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/corporate-governance","display_name":"Corporate governance","score":0.5051339268684387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/end-user","display_name":"End user","score":0.5031594634056091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/trustworthiness","display_name":"Trustworthiness","score":0.4767916202545166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.45610669255256653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","score":0.4384700655937195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/design-science","display_name":"Design science","score":0.4122147262096405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.3800066411495209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.2502986788749695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.14223921298980713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.1415003538131714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qualitative-research","display_name":"Qualitative research","score":0.11766371130943298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.11626693606376648}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776950860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914681","display_name":"Originality","level":3,"score":0.7057287693023682},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.7007797956466675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6580491065979004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.5663516521453857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39389867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380767","display_name":"Corporate governance","level":2,"score":0.5051339268684387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91262260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q528074","display_name":"End user","level":2,"score":0.5031594634056091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153701036","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q659974","display_name":"Trustworthiness","level":2,"score":0.4767916202545166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.45610669255256653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4384700655937195},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780103759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5264375","display_name":"Design science","level":2,"score":0.4122147262096405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.3800066411495209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.2502986788749695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.14223921298980713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.1415003538131714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.11766371130943298},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.11626693606376648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C10138342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43015","display_name":"Finance","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1108/intr-08-2021-0600","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/intr-08-2021-0600","pdf_url":"https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/INTR-08-2021-0600/full/pdf?title=how-to-explain-ai-systems-to-end-users-a-systematic-literature-review-and-research-agenda","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63576417","display_name":"Internet Research","issn_l":"1066-2243","issn":["1066-2243","2054-5657"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Internet Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:trepo.tuni.fi:10024/220898","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://trepo.tuni.fi/handle/10024/220898","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401860","display_name":"Tampere University Institutional Repository (Tampere University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I150589677","host_organization_name":"Tampere University of Applied Sciences","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150589677"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"reviewarticle"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1108/intr-08-2021-0600","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/intr-08-2021-0600","pdf_url":"https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/INTR-08-2021-0600/full/pdf?title=how-to-explain-ai-systems-to-end-users-a-systematic-literature-review-and-research-agenda","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S63576417","display_name":"Internet Research","issn_l":"1066-2243","issn":["1066-2243","2054-5657"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Internet Research","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4229079390.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4229079390.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":66,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1975675278","https://openalex.org/W2005501262","https://openalex.org/W2096434649","https://openalex.org/W2122889832","https://openalex.org/W2124493593","https://openalex.org/W2131251708","https://openalex.org/W2154157725","https://openalex.org/W2237502368","https://openalex.org/W2282821441","https://openalex.org/W2615593621","https://openalex.org/W2790505917","https://openalex.org/W2796000004","https://openalex.org/W2796410451","https://openalex.org/W2809925683","https://openalex.org/W2889526258","https://openalex.org/W2891503716","https://openalex.org/W2896010852","https://openalex.org/W2897042519","https://openalex.org/W2921105605","https://openalex.org/W2928977192","https://openalex.org/W2942073295","https://openalex.org/W2942157335","https://openalex.org/W2942444880","https://openalex.org/W2944850799","https://openalex.org/W2951764321","https://openalex.org/W2953522645","https://openalex.org/W2953923985","https://openalex.org/W2963395533","https://openalex.org/W2967961340","https://openalex.org/W2970837303","https://openalex.org/W2973221207","https://openalex.org/W2981731882","https://openalex.org/W2996705655","https://openalex.org/W3030109724","https://openalex.org/W3035577010","https://openalex.org/W3036972878","https://openalex.org/W3041112018","https://openalex.org/W3041326191","https://openalex.org/W3041723710","https://openalex.org/W3042428857","https://openalex.org/W3081129413","https://openalex.org/W3094233077","https://openalex.org/W3094276725","https://openalex.org/W3095444354","https://openalex.org/W3100279624","https://openalex.org/W3108538071","https://openalex.org/W3111875263","https://openalex.org/W3118962099","https://openalex.org/W3122548859","https://openalex.org/W3142698583","https://openalex.org/W3158816579","https://openalex.org/W3172362366","https://openalex.org/W3178738300","https://openalex.org/W3180100733","https://openalex.org/W3191737511","https://openalex.org/W3194260782","https://openalex.org/W3198525581","https://openalex.org/W3199046025","https://openalex.org/W3204168999","https://openalex.org/W4214629857","https://openalex.org/W4220919730","https://openalex.org/W4224226260","https://openalex.org/W4224250640","https://openalex.org/W4256742498","https://openalex.org/W4288414189","https://openalex.org/W4296978576"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2137678636","https://openalex.org/W2492278949","https://openalex.org/W2337137014","https://openalex.org/W3153301442","https://openalex.org/W2037971071","https://openalex.org/W4366543480","https://openalex.org/W3212312181","https://openalex.org/W4383368620","https://openalex.org/W4385221576","https://openalex.org/W2288228284"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Purpose":[0],"Inscrutable":[1],"machine":[2],"learning":[3],"(ML)":[4],"models":[5,16],"are":[6],"part":[7],"of":[8,61,105,109],"increasingly":[9],"many":[10],"information":[11],"systems.":[12],"Understanding":[13],"how":[14,39,167],"these":[15],"behave,":[17],"and":[18,42,84,97,100,124,177,191,212],"what":[19],"their":[20,43],"output":[21],"is":[22,25,126],"based":[23],"on,":[24],"a":[26,53,144],"challenge":[27],"for":[28,49,69,147,195],"developers":[29],"let":[30],"alone":[31],"non-technical":[32],"end":[33,50,70,152,196],"users.":[34,153,197],"Design/methodology/approach":[35],"The":[36,58,87,154],"authors":[37,88,142],"investigate":[38],"AI":[40,66,121,149,161,170,188,193],"systems":[41,150,171],"decisions":[44],"ought":[45],"to":[46,111,151,157,168],"be":[47],"explained":[48],"users":[51,71],"through":[52],"systematic":[54],"literature":[55,63,181,186,202],"review.":[56],"Findings":[57],"authors\u2019":[59],"synthesis":[60],"the":[62,103,113,139,141,158,185,204],"suggests":[64],"that":[65,131],"system":[67,122,189],"communication":[68,190],"has":[72],"five":[73],"high-level":[74],"goals:":[75],"(1)":[76],"understandability,":[77],"(2)":[78],"trustworthiness,":[79],"(3)":[80],"transparency,":[81],"(4)":[82],"controllability":[83],"(5)":[85],"fairness.":[86],"identified":[89],"several":[90],"design":[91,145,210],"recommendations,":[92],"such":[93],"as":[94],"offering":[95],"personalized":[96],"on-demand":[98],"explanations":[99],"focusing":[101],"on":[102,138,160,166,187,199,203],"explainability":[104],"key":[106],"functionalities":[107],"instead":[108],"aiming":[110],"explain":[112],"whole":[114],"system.":[115],"There":[116],"exists":[117],"multiple":[118],"trade-offs":[119],"in":[120],"explanations,":[123],"there":[125],"no":[127],"single":[128],"best":[129],"solution":[130],"fits":[132],"all":[133],"cases.":[134],"Research":[135],"limitations/implications":[136],"Based":[137],"synthesis,":[140],"provide":[143],"framework":[146],"explaining":[148],"study":[155],"contributes":[156],"work":[159],"governance":[162],"by":[163],"suggesting":[164],"guidelines":[165],"make":[169],"more":[172],"understandable,":[173],"fair,":[174],"trustworthy,":[175],"controllable":[176],"transparent.":[178],"Originality/value":[179],"This":[180],"review":[182],"brings":[183],"together":[184],"explainable":[192],"(XAI)":[194],"Building":[198],"previous":[200],"academic":[201],"topic,":[205],"it":[206],"provides":[207],"synthesized":[208],"insights,":[209],"recommendations":[211],"future":[213],"research":[214],"agenda.":[215]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":23},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":52},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":29},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-08-02T14:50:37.381335","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}