{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3187771925","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/imds-02-2021-0082","title":"HTMT2\u2013an improved criterion for assessing discriminant validity in structural equation modeling","display_name":"HTMT2\u2013an improved criterion for assessing discriminant validity in structural equation modeling","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-09-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3187771925","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/imds-02-2021-0082","mag":"3187771925"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1108/imds-02-2021-0082","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/imds-02-2021-0082","pdf_url":"https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IMDS-02-2021-0082/full/pdf?title=htmt2-an-improved-criterion-for-assessing-discriminant-validity-in-structural-equation-modeling","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37320504","display_name":"Industrial Management & Data Systems","issn_l":"0263-5577","issn":["0263-5577","1758-5783"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Industrial Management & Data Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IMDS-02-2021-0082/full/pdf?title=htmt2-an-improved-criterion-for-assessing-discriminant-validity-in-structural-equation-modeling","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032684745","display_name":"Ellen Roemer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5337-8870"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210123225","display_name":"Ruhr West University of Applied Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkxrq89","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123225"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ellen Roemer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Business Administration and Economics, Hochschule Ruhr West, Mulheim an der Ruhr, Germany"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5337-8870","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Business Administration and Economics, Hochschule Ruhr West, Mulheim an der Ruhr, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210123225"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032918472","display_name":"Florian Schuberth","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2110-9086"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Florian Schuberth","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Design, Production and Management, Universiteit Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2110-9086","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Design, Production and Management, Universiteit Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008753312","display_name":"J\u00f6rg Henseler","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9736-3048"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I94624287","display_name":"University of Twente","ror":"https://ror.org/006hf6230","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J\u00f6rg Henseler","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Design, Production and Management, Universiteit Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9736-3048","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Design, Production and Management, Universiteit Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5032918472"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I94624287"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":47.5316,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":533,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99959243,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"121","issue":"12","first_page":"2637","last_page":"2650"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.9664999842643738,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10467","display_name":"Psychometric Methodologies and Testing","score":0.9664999842643738,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1803","display_name":"Management Science and Operations Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10068","display_name":"Technology Adoption and User Behaviour","score":0.9329000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-equation-modeling","display_name":"Structural equation modeling","score":0.746787428855896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminant","display_name":"Discriminant","score":0.5113410353660583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.5106373429298401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/latent-variable","display_name":"Latent variable","score":0.4612649083137512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.4208669066429138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/econometrics","display_name":"Econometrics","score":0.3597293496131897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.284919798374176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.15641433000564575}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71104824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1476639","display_name":"Structural equation modeling","level":2,"score":0.746787428855896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78397625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192487","display_name":"Discriminant","level":2,"score":0.5113410353660583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.5106373429298401},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51167844","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4422623","display_name":"Latent variable","level":2,"score":0.4612649083137512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.4208669066429138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149782125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q160039","display_name":"Econometrics","level":1,"score":0.3597293496131897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.284919798374176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.15641433000564575}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1108/imds-02-2021-0082","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/imds-02-2021-0082","pdf_url":"https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IMDS-02-2021-0082/full/pdf?title=htmt2-an-improved-criterion-for-assessing-discriminant-validity-in-structural-equation-modeling","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37320504","display_name":"Industrial Management & Data Systems","issn_l":"0263-5577","issn":["0263-5577","1758-5783"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Industrial Management & Data Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ris.utwente.nl:openaire/1ad91a5e-f54e-495c-a3a4-9cf5f7ded1ce","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://research.utwente.nl/en/publications/1ad91a5e-f54e-495c-a3a4-9cf5f7ded1ce","pdf_url":"https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/files/275670651/10_1108_IMDS_02_2021_0082.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922991","display_name":"University of Twente Research Information","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Roemer, E, Schuberth, F & Henseler, J 2021, 'HTMT2 - An improved criterion for assessing discriminant validity in structural equation modeling', Industrial management & data systems, vol. 121, no. 12, pp. 2637-2650. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-02-2021-0082","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:run.unl.pt:10362/124531","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10362/124531","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402433","display_name":"Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1108/imds-02-2021-0082","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/imds-02-2021-0082","pdf_url":"https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IMDS-02-2021-0082/full/pdf?title=htmt2-an-improved-criterion-for-assessing-discriminant-validity-in-structural-equation-modeling","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S37320504","display_name":"Industrial Management & Data Systems","issn_l":"0263-5577","issn":["0263-5577","1758-5783"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Industrial Management & Data Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7099999785423279,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3187771925.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3187771925.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W36714851","https://openalex.org/W1276866904","https://openalex.org/W1774460361","https://openalex.org/W1970794614","https://openalex.org/W1980996468","https://openalex.org/W1987258130","https://openalex.org/W2021641691","https://openalex.org/W2024509488","https://openalex.org/W2027892485","https://openalex.org/W2049159124","https://openalex.org/W2057643324","https://openalex.org/W2081016106","https://openalex.org/W2081540323","https://openalex.org/W2084398551","https://openalex.org/W2086604918","https://openalex.org/W2100739170","https://openalex.org/W2105846236","https://openalex.org/W2129375743","https://openalex.org/W2163403362","https://openalex.org/W2173765169","https://openalex.org/W2312886580","https://openalex.org/W2554778347","https://openalex.org/W2582743722","https://openalex.org/W2612259620","https://openalex.org/W2615149506","https://openalex.org/W2617619553","https://openalex.org/W2889039935","https://openalex.org/W2915477003","https://openalex.org/W3003977207","https://openalex.org/W3081381180","https://openalex.org/W3090258753","https://openalex.org/W3108789059","https://openalex.org/W4235678817","https://openalex.org/W4247425252","https://openalex.org/W4249725466","https://openalex.org/W4250433889","https://openalex.org/W4251225833"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2013493105","https://openalex.org/W4391170574","https://openalex.org/W2530578176","https://openalex.org/W4254968820","https://openalex.org/W2138020080","https://openalex.org/W2313268639","https://openalex.org/W2734236000","https://openalex.org/W4232115672","https://openalex.org/W1752864923","https://openalex.org/W4313635805"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Purpose":[0],"One":[1],"popular":[2],"method":[3],"to":[4,29,64,110,134,154,197],"assess":[5,155],"discriminant":[6,156,201,243],"validity":[7,157,244],"in":[8,62,108,137,158,245],"structural":[9],"equation":[10],"modeling":[11],"is":[12,60,216],"the":[13,20,39,42,55,65,70,75,83,86,89,92,112,116,127,130,135,146,152,167,186,193,203,209,220,225,234,238],"heterotrait-monotrait":[14],"ratio":[15],"of":[16,74,85,115,126,160,192,211,228],"correlations":[17,107,128,175],"(HTMT).":[18],"However,":[19,166],"HTMT":[21,44,66,87,153,240],"assumes":[22],"tau-equivalent":[23],"measurement":[24,53,162],"models,":[25],"which":[26],"are":[27,97,143,180],"unlikely":[28],"hold":[30],"for":[31,51,241],"most":[32],"empirical":[33,246],"studies.":[34,247],"To":[35],"relax":[36],"this":[37],"assumption,":[38],"authors":[40,231],"modify":[41],"original":[43],"and":[45,88,105,223],"introduce":[46],"a":[47],"new":[48],"consistent":[49],"measure":[50],"congeneric":[52,161],"models:":[54],"HTMT2.":[56,90],"Design/methodology/approach":[57],"The":[58,120,230],"HTMT2":[59,121,147,168,187,204,215,235],"designed":[61],"analogy":[63],"but":[67],"relies":[68],"on":[69,219],"geometric":[71],"mean":[72],"instead":[73],"arithmetic":[76],"mean.":[77],"A":[78],"Monte":[79],"Carlo":[80],"simulation":[81],"compares":[82],"performance":[84],"In":[91],"simulation,":[93],"several":[94],"design":[95],"factors":[96],"varied":[98],"such":[99],"as":[100,188],"loading":[101,141],"patterns,":[102],"sample":[103],"sizes":[104],"inter-construct":[106],"order":[109],"compare":[111],"estimation":[113],"bias":[114],"two":[117,206],"criteria.":[118],"Findings":[119],"provides":[122,205],"less":[123],"biased":[124],"estimations":[125],"among":[129],"latent":[131],"variables":[132,179],"compared":[133],"HTMT,":[136],"particular":[138],"if":[139,173],"indicators":[140],"patterns":[142],"heterogeneous.":[144],"Consequently,":[145],"should":[148],"be":[149,171],"preferred":[150],"over":[151,237],"case":[159],"models.":[163],"Research":[164],"limitations/implications":[165],"can":[169],"only":[170,217],"determined":[172],"all":[174],"between":[176],"involved":[177],"observable":[178],"positive.":[181],"Originality/value":[182],"This":[183],"paper":[184],"introduces":[185],"an":[189],"improved":[190],"version":[191],"traditional":[194,239],"HTMT.":[195],"Compared":[196],"other":[198],"approaches":[199],"assessing":[200,242],"validity,":[202],"advantages:":[207],"(1)":[208],"ease":[210],"its":[212],"computation,":[213],"since":[214],"based":[218],"indicator":[221],"correlations,":[222],"(2)":[224],"relaxed":[226],"assumption":[227],"tau-equivalence.":[229],"highly":[232],"recommend":[233],"criterion":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":112},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":146},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":121},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":114},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":39},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-02T09:51:11.867554","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}