{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4393263716","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijwis-12-2023-0256","title":"Large language models for automated Q&A involving legal documents: a survey on algorithms, frameworks and applications","display_name":"Large language models for automated Q&A involving legal documents: a survey on algorithms, frameworks and applications","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-03-28","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4393263716","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijwis-12-2023-0256"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1108/ijwis-12-2023-0256","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijwis-12-2023-0256","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S145159096","display_name":"International Journal of Web Information Systems","issn_l":"1744-0084","issn":["1744-0084","1744-0092"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Web Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068779036","display_name":"Xiaoxian Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0945-4194"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135905480","display_name":"Shanghai Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/02as5yg64","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135905480"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoxian Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135905480"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100374899","display_name":"Zhifeng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6469-9234"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135905480","display_name":"Shanghai Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/02as5yg64","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135905480"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhifeng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135905480"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100341409","display_name":"Qi Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6647-6208"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135905480","display_name":"Shanghai Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/02as5yg64","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135905480"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qi Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135905480"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019419036","display_name":"Wei Ke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0952-0961"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135905480","display_name":"Shanghai Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/02as5yg64","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135905480"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ke Wei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135905480"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072440587","display_name":"Kaiqi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7923-1594"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I135905480","display_name":"Shanghai Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/02as5yg64","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I135905480"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaiqi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135905480"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100560525","display_name":"Jiangang Shi","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiangang Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shanghai Shang Da Hai Run Information System Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai Shang Da Hai Run Information System Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5068779036"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I135905480"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.7633,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98383805,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"20","issue":"4","first_page":"413","last_page":"435"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10456","display_name":"Multi-Agent Systems and Negotiation","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13643","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Law","score":0.996999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8429940938949585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.4392934739589691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.35787713527679443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.3338255286216736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3259025812149048}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8429940938949585},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4392934739589691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.35787713527679443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.3338255286216736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3259025812149048}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1108/ijwis-12-2023-0256","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijwis-12-2023-0256","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S145159096","display_name":"International Journal of Web Information Systems","issn_l":"1744-0084","issn":["1744-0084","1744-0092"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Web Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":65,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2076075031","https://openalex.org/W2165545766","https://openalex.org/W2783499252","https://openalex.org/W2788989902","https://openalex.org/W2799054028","https://openalex.org/W2913946806","https://openalex.org/W2970728484","https://openalex.org/W2998733856","https://openalex.org/W3005824096","https://openalex.org/W3017474822","https://openalex.org/W3025458843","https://openalex.org/W3030163527","https://openalex.org/W3032732585","https://openalex.org/W3118216348","https://openalex.org/W3119438769","https://openalex.org/W3156716744","https://openalex.org/W3166140588","https://openalex.org/W3168867926","https://openalex.org/W3184775842","https://openalex.org/W3202026671","https://openalex.org/W3205949070","https://openalex.org/W3217390222","https://openalex.org/W4205160391","https://openalex.org/W4205991051","https://openalex.org/W4212863283","https://openalex.org/W4221099399","https://openalex.org/W4221143046","https://openalex.org/W4221150345","https://openalex.org/W4223447738","https://openalex.org/W4224275713","https://openalex.org/W4226182428","https://openalex.org/W4282813826","https://openalex.org/W4283810944","https://openalex.org/W4285047663","https://openalex.org/W4285116311","https://openalex.org/W4292702999","https://openalex.org/W4296461680","https://openalex.org/W4305000300","https://openalex.org/W4318586794","https://openalex.org/W4320341854","https://openalex.org/W4321009772","https://openalex.org/W4322718191","https://openalex.org/W4322766882","https://openalex.org/W4366999416","https://openalex.org/W4367060503","https://openalex.org/W4377224459","https://openalex.org/W4378509449","https://openalex.org/W4379164629","https://openalex.org/W4380352277","https://openalex.org/W4380994458","https://openalex.org/W4382618722","https://openalex.org/W4384918448","https://openalex.org/W4385681736","https://openalex.org/W4385731303","https://openalex.org/W4385820031","https://openalex.org/W4386114274","https://openalex.org/W4386942328","https://openalex.org/W4386942538","https://openalex.org/W4387221840","https://openalex.org/W4387587548","https://openalex.org/W4388691793","https://openalex.org/W4389945903","https://openalex.org/W4391092890","https://openalex.org/W4391266741","https://openalex.org/W4391583917"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2051487156","https://openalex.org/W2073681303","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2478288626","https://openalex.org/W4391913857"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Purpose":[0],"This":[1,96,174],"study":[2,75,115,175],"aims":[3,116],"to":[4,10,117,142,144,177],"adopt":[5],"a":[6,158,185],"systematic":[7,161],"review":[8,41,187],"approach":[9],"examine":[11],"the":[12,32,37,65,74,85,90,99,109,119,145,178,189],"existing":[13],"literature":[14],"on":[15,102,127,163,194],"law":[16,103,159,195],"and":[17,21,27,61,79,105,129,136,167],"LLMs.It":[18],"involves":[19],"analyzing":[20],"synthesizing":[22],"relevant":[23],"research":[24,101,135,162,193],"papers,":[25],"reports":[26],"scholarly":[28],"articles":[29],"that":[30,81],"discuss":[31],"use":[33],"of":[34,48,87,92,111,147,180,188,192],"LLMs":[35,88,104,128],"in":[36,89,108],"legal":[38,50,69,165],"domain.":[39],"The":[40,114,138],"encompasses":[42],"various":[43],"aspects,":[44],"including":[45],"an":[46],"analysis":[47],"LLMs,":[49],"natural":[51],"language":[52],"processing":[53,59],"(NLP),":[54],"model":[55,168],"tuning":[56],"techniques,":[57],"data":[58],"strategies":[60],"frameworks":[62],"for":[63,133],"addressing":[64],"challenges":[66,120],"associated":[67,121],"with":[68,122],"question-and-answer":[70],"(Q&A)":[71],"systems.":[72],"Additionally,":[73],"explores":[76,130],"potential":[77,131],"applications":[78],"services":[80],"can":[82],"benefit":[83],"from":[84],"integration":[86],"field":[91,110,179],"intelligent":[93,112,148,181],"justice.":[94,113],"Design/methodology/approach":[95],"paper":[97],"surveys":[98],"state-of-the-art":[100],"their":[106],"application":[107],"identify":[118],"developing":[123],"Q&A":[124],"systems":[125],"based":[126],"directions":[132],"future":[134],"development.":[137],"ultimate":[139],"goal":[140],"is":[141,171],"contribute":[143],"advancement":[146],"justice":[149,182],"by":[150,183],"effectively":[151,156],"leveraging":[152],"LLMs.":[153,196],"Findings":[154],"To":[155],"apply":[157],"LLM,":[160,164],"NLP":[166],"adjustment":[169],"technology":[170],"required.":[172],"Originality/value":[173],"contributes":[176],"providing":[184],"comprehensive":[186],"current":[190],"state":[191]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-03-12T08:34:05.389933","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}