{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3047326904","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijwis-08-2019-0036","title":"Detecting hate speech against politicians in Arabic community on social media","display_name":"Detecting hate speech against politicians in Arabic community on social media","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-31","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3047326904","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijwis-08-2019-0036","mag":"3047326904"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1108/ijwis-08-2019-0036","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijwis-08-2019-0036","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S145159096","display_name":"International Journal of Web Information Systems","issn_l":"1744-0084","issn":["1744-0084","1744-0092"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Web Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032944332","display_name":"Imane Guellil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3858-3999"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169199633","display_name":"Aston University","ror":"https://ror.org/05j0ve876","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169199633"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149016","display_name":"\u00c9cole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieure d'Informatique","ror":"https://ror.org/04dj1dn66","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210149016"]}],"countries":["DZ","GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Imane Guellil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratoire des M\u00e9thodes de Conception des Syst\u00e8mes, Ecole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieure d\u2019Informatique, Algiers, Algeria; School of Engineering and Applied Science (EAS), Aston University, Birmingham, UK and Folding Space, Birmingham, UK","Laboratoire des M\u00e9thodes de Conception des Syst\u00e8mes, Ecole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieure d\u2019Informatique, Algiers, Algeria","School of Engineering and Applied Science (EAS), Aston University, Birmingham, UK and Folding Space, Birmingham, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire des M\u00e9thodes de Conception des Syst\u00e8mes, Ecole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieure d\u2019Informatique, Algiers, Algeria; School of Engineering and Applied Science (EAS), Aston University, Birmingham, UK and Folding Space, Birmingham, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149016"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire des M\u00e9thodes de Conception des Syst\u00e8mes, Ecole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieure d\u2019Informatique, Algiers, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149016"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Engineering and Applied Science (EAS), Aston University, Birmingham, UK and Folding Space, Birmingham, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169199633"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082626629","display_name":"Ahsan Adeel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9153-6756"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119664326","display_name":"University of Wolverhampton","ror":"https://ror.org/01k2y1055","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119664326"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahsan Adeel","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematics and Computer Science, University of Wolverhampton, Wolverhampton, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119664326"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067619763","display_name":"Fai\u00e7al Azouaou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2508-9158"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149016","display_name":"\u00c9cole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieure d'Informatique","ror":"https://ror.org/04dj1dn66","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210149016"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Faical Azouaou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratoire des M\u00e9thodes de Conception des Syst\u00e8mes, Ecole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieure d\u2019Informatique, Algiers, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire des M\u00e9thodes de Conception des Syst\u00e8mes, Ecole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieure d\u2019Informatique, Algiers, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015528474","display_name":"Sara Chennoufi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-6700-3993"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149016","display_name":"\u00c9cole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieure d'Informatique","ror":"https://ror.org/04dj1dn66","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210149016"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sara Chennoufi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratoire des M\u00e9thodes de Conception des Syst\u00e9mes, Ecole Nationale Sup\u00e8rieure d'Informatique, Alger, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire des M\u00e9thodes de Conception des Syst\u00e9mes, Ecole Nationale Sup\u00e8rieure d'Informatique, Alger, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149016"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080623587","display_name":"Hanene Maafi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149016","display_name":"\u00c9cole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieure d'Informatique","ror":"https://ror.org/04dj1dn66","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210149016"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hanene Maafi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratoire des M\u00e9thodes de Conception des Syst\u00e9mes, Ecole Nationale Sup\u00e8rieure d'Informatique, Alger, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire des M\u00e9thodes de Conception des Syst\u00e9mes, Ecole Nationale Sup\u00e8rieure d'Informatique, Alger, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149016"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014280011","display_name":"Thinhinane Hamitouche","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210149016","display_name":"\u00c9cole Nationale Sup\u00e9rieure d'Informatique","ror":"https://ror.org/04dj1dn66","country_code":"DZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210149016"]}],"countries":["DZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thinhinane Hamitouche","raw_affiliation_strings":["Laboratoire des M\u00e9thodes de Conception des Syst\u00e9mes, Ecole Nationale Sup\u00e8rieure d'Informatique, Alger, Algeria"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Laboratoire des M\u00e9thodes de Conception des Syst\u00e9mes, Ecole Nationale Sup\u00e8rieure d'Informatique, Alger, Algeria","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210149016"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.8436,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92522262,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"16","issue":"3","first_page":"295","last_page":"313"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.9750000238418579,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.9559000134468079,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8611222505569458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.692837655544281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6106416583061218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word2vec","display_name":"Word2vec","score":0.56662917137146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sentiment-analysis","display_name":"Sentiment analysis","score":0.4977414906024933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.46625816822052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multilayer-perceptron","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","score":0.4513475298881531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/originality","display_name":"Originality","score":0.44213566184043884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/arabic","display_name":"Arabic","score":0.438772052526474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.41789865493774414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.40271759033203125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.0971115231513977}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8611222505569458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.692837655544281},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6106416583061218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776461190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q22673982","display_name":"Word2vec","level":3,"score":0.56662917137146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66402592","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2271421","display_name":"Sentiment analysis","level":2,"score":0.4977414906024933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.46625816822052},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179717631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2991667","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","level":3,"score":0.4513475298881531},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776950860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914681","display_name":"Originality","level":3,"score":0.44213566184043884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96455323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13955","display_name":"Arabic","level":2,"score":0.438772052526474},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.41789865493774414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.40271759033203125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0971115231513977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11012388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170658","display_name":"Creativity","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41608201","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q980509","display_name":"Embedding","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1108/ijwis-08-2019-0036","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijwis-08-2019-0036","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S145159096","display_name":"International Journal of Web Information Systems","issn_l":"1744-0084","issn":["1744-0084","1744-0092"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Web Information Systems","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6899999976158142}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":57,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W11511616","https://openalex.org/W78136081","https://openalex.org/W1527758775","https://openalex.org/W1614298861","https://openalex.org/W1724486527","https://openalex.org/W2104463314","https://openalex.org/W2250212502","https://openalex.org/W2251615104","https://openalex.org/W2396708059","https://openalex.org/W2468328197","https://openalex.org/W2473555522","https://openalex.org/W2563826943","https://openalex.org/W2572925254","https://openalex.org/W2595653137","https://openalex.org/W2596413131","https://openalex.org/W2604821579","https://openalex.org/W2613977835","https://openalex.org/W2622349515","https://openalex.org/W2737990573","https://openalex.org/W2740168486","https://openalex.org/W2741065173","https://openalex.org/W2747187574","https://openalex.org/W2766857497","https://openalex.org/W2767784948","https://openalex.org/W2775384513","https://openalex.org/W2783792814","https://openalex.org/W2784010253","https://openalex.org/W2786592806","https://openalex.org/W2789671692","https://openalex.org/W2791209447","https://openalex.org/W2794156024","https://openalex.org/W2795412335","https://openalex.org/W2801267439","https://openalex.org/W2801887493","https://openalex.org/W2803765190","https://openalex.org/W2806872289","https://openalex.org/W2810302094","https://openalex.org/W2886789257","https://openalex.org/W2886820885","https://openalex.org/W2887782043","https://openalex.org/W2893200234","https://openalex.org/W2898401058","https://openalex.org/W2899079266","https://openalex.org/W2899793821","https://openalex.org/W2901236145","https://openalex.org/W2904236443","https://openalex.org/W2904986970","https://openalex.org/W2912994242","https://openalex.org/W2915357442","https://openalex.org/W2919201029","https://openalex.org/W2919234748","https://openalex.org/W2920643643","https://openalex.org/W2949089361","https://openalex.org/W2962932155","https://openalex.org/W4211260480","https://openalex.org/W4238481634","https://openalex.org/W4297195154"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4210823838","https://openalex.org/W3080191145","https://openalex.org/W2965885965","https://openalex.org/W4378471059","https://openalex.org/W4205948734","https://openalex.org/W2566238543","https://openalex.org/W2760392765","https://openalex.org/W4317564474","https://openalex.org/W3098544760","https://openalex.org/W4306877294"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Purpose":[0],"This":[1,55,215],"paper":[2,198],"aims":[3],"to":[4,37,159,165,200,250],"propose":[5],"an":[6,156],"approach":[7,56],"for":[8,30,263],"hate":[9,204],"speech":[10,205],"detection":[11],"against":[12],"politicians":[13],"in":[14,50],"Arabic":[15,52,223,237,241],"community":[16],"on":[17,180,189,252],"social":[18],"media":[19],"(e.g.":[20],"Youtube).":[21],"In":[22],"the":[23,38,41,51,68,71,91,122,147,174,218,232],"literature,":[24],"similar":[25],"works":[26],"have":[27],"been":[28,48,178],"presented":[29],"other":[31],"languages":[32,220],"such":[33,266],"as":[34,267],"English.":[35,229],"However,":[36],"best":[39,148],"of":[40,61,140,150,196],"authors\u2019":[42],"knowledge,":[43],"not":[44],"much":[45],"work":[46],"has":[47,177],"conducted":[49],"language.":[53],"Design/methodology/approach":[54],"uses":[57],"both":[58,125,235,253],"classical":[59,69],"algorithms":[60,97],"classification":[62,175,258],"and":[63,86,110,127,137,153,228,238,255,269,276],"deep":[64,92,256],"learning":[65,93],"algorithms.":[66],"For":[67,90,119,230],"algorithms,":[70],"authors":[72,123],"use":[73,124],"Gaussian":[74],"NB":[75],"(GNB),":[76],"Logistic":[77],"Regression":[78],"(LR),":[79],"Random":[80],"Forest":[81],"(RF),":[82],"SGD":[83],"Classifier":[84],"(SGD)":[85],"Linear":[87],"SVC":[88],"(LSVC).":[89],"classification,":[94],"four":[95],"different":[96,213,261],"(convolutional":[98],"neural":[99],"network":[100],"(CNN),":[101],"multilayer":[102],"perceptron":[103],"(MLP),":[104],"long-":[105,112],"or":[106,113],"short-term":[107,114],"memory":[108,115],"(LSTM)":[109],"bi-directional":[111],"(Bi-LSTM)":[116],"are":[117,170,183],"applied.":[118],"extracting":[120],"features,":[121],"Word2vec":[126,268],"FastText":[128,270],"with":[129,244,271],"their":[130,272],"two":[131,273],"implementations,":[132],"namely,":[133],"Skip":[134],"Gram":[135],"(SG)":[136],"Continuous":[138],"Bag":[139],"Word":[141],"(CBOW).":[142],"Findings":[143],"Simulation":[144],"results":[145,169],"demonstrate":[146],"performance":[149],"LSVC,":[151],"BiLSTM":[152],"MLP":[154],"achieving":[155],"accuracy":[157],"up":[158],"91%,":[160],"when":[161],"it":[162],"is":[163,199,249],"associated":[164],"SG":[166,275],"model.":[167],"The":[168,193],"also":[171],"shown":[172],"that":[173,176],"done":[179,188],"balanced":[181],"corpus":[182,206,216,233],"more":[184],"accurate":[185],"than":[186],"those":[187],"unbalanced":[190],"corpus.":[191],"Originality/value":[192],"principal":[194],"originality":[195,248],"this":[197],"construct":[201],"a":[202],"new":[203],"(Arabic_fr_en)":[207],"which":[208],"was":[209],"annotated":[210],"by":[211,222,259],"three":[212,219],"annotators.":[214],"contains":[217,234],"used":[221],"people":[224],"being":[225],"Arabic,":[226,231],"French":[227],"script":[236],"Arabizi":[239],"(i.e.":[240],"words":[242],"written":[243],"Latin":[245],"letters).":[246],"Another":[247],"rely":[251],"shallow":[254],"leaning":[257],"using":[260],"model":[262],"extraction":[264],"features":[265],"implementation":[274],"CBOW.":[277]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
