{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2797287220","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijcs-08-2017-0024","title":"Statistical analysis of the crowd dynamics in Al-Masjid Al-Nabawi in the city of Medina, Saudi Arabia","display_name":"Statistical analysis of the crowd dynamics in Al-Masjid Al-Nabawi in the city of Medina, Saudi Arabia","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-04-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2797287220","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijcs-08-2017-0024","mag":"2797287220"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1108/ijcs-08-2017-0024","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijcs-08-2017-0024","pdf_url":"https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJCS-08-2017-0024/full/pdf?title=statistical-analysis-of-the-crowd-dynamics-in-al-masjid-al-nabawi-in-the-city-of-medina-saudi-arabia","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210199319","display_name":"International Journal of Crowd Science","issn_l":"2398-7294","issn":["2398-7294"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Crowd Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"diamond","oa_url":"https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJCS-08-2017-0024/full/pdf?title=statistical-analysis-of-the-crowd-dynamics-in-al-masjid-al-nabawi-in-the-city-of-medina-saudi-arabia","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071261891","display_name":"Hassan M. Al-Ahmadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5664-1112"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hassan M. Al-Ahmadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018331781","display_name":"Wael Alhalabi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199693650","display_name":"Umm al-Qura University","ror":"https://ror.org/01xjqrm90","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wael S. Alhalabi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Islamic Architecture, Umm al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Islamic Architecture, Umm al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199693650"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029815048","display_name":"Rezqallah Hasan Malkawi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rezqallah Hasan Malkawi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004881206","display_name":"Imran Reza","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4355-2262"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I134085113","display_name":"King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals","ror":"https://ror.org/03yez3163","country_code":"SA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}],"countries":["SA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Imran Reza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5071261891"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I134085113"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.4986,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8107243,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2","issue":"1","first_page":"52","last_page":"63"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11500","display_name":"Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11500","display_name":"Evacuation and Crowd Dynamics","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2212","display_name":"Ocean Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10698","display_name":"Transportation Planning and Optimization","score":0.9585000276565552,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11980","display_name":"Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis","score":0.9297000169754028,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3313","display_name":"Transportation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/originality","display_name":"Originality","score":0.7686729431152344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dynamics","display_name":"Dynamics (music)","score":0.6515226364135742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","score":0.4955397844314575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4843769967556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-analysis","display_name":"Statistical analysis","score":0.4128049910068512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/operations-research","display_name":"Operations research","score":0.34411901235580444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.2759014368057251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.20158368349075317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.194237619638443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-science","display_name":"Social science","score":0.08612993359565735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.07610848546028137}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776950860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914681","display_name":"Originality","level":3,"score":0.7686729431152344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C145912823","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q113558","display_name":"Dynamics (music)","level":2,"score":0.6515226364135742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4955397844314575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4843769967556},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2986587452","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q938438","display_name":"Statistical analysis","level":2,"score":0.4128049910068512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42475967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194292","display_name":"Operations research","level":1,"score":0.34411901235580444},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2759014368057251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.20158368349075317},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.194237619638443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.08612993359565735},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.07610848546028137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1108/ijcs-08-2017-0024","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijcs-08-2017-0024","pdf_url":"https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJCS-08-2017-0024/full/pdf?title=statistical-analysis-of-the-crowd-dynamics-in-al-masjid-al-nabawi-in-the-city-of-medina-saudi-arabia","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210199319","display_name":"International Journal of Crowd Science","issn_l":"2398-7294","issn":["2398-7294"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Crowd Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:doaj.org/article:5d48f6a2f2f2431082ca482097090171","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doaj.org/article/5d48f6a2f2f2431082ca482097090171","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401280","display_name":"DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Crowd Science, Vol 2, Iss 1, Pp 52-63 (2018)","raw_type":"article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1108/ijcs-08-2017-0024","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ijcs-08-2017-0024","pdf_url":"https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/IJCS-08-2017-0024/full/pdf?title=statistical-analysis-of-the-crowd-dynamics-in-al-masjid-al-nabawi-in-the-city-of-medina-saudi-arabia","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210199319","display_name":"International Journal of Crowd Science","issn_l":"2398-7294","issn":["2398-7294"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"International Journal of Crowd Science","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6600000262260437,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11","display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2797287220.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2797287220.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":8,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1493231887","https://openalex.org/W2004641823","https://openalex.org/W2014767144","https://openalex.org/W2154573618","https://openalex.org/W2800335753","https://openalex.org/W3035360107","https://openalex.org/W3098415823","https://openalex.org/W6803972765"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2593155302","https://openalex.org/W2041415459","https://openalex.org/W3126095231","https://openalex.org/W2072812638","https://openalex.org/W2352855287","https://openalex.org/W2378906650","https://openalex.org/W2384288445","https://openalex.org/W2382526412","https://openalex.org/W4200071106","https://openalex.org/W2347474189"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Purpose":[0],"The":[1,127,161,201,226],"purpose":[2],"of":[3,12,47,87,104,109,116,146,171,203,252],"this":[4,43,207,230],"study":[5,208,231],"is":[6],"to":[7,23,33,53,60,79,119,135,141,211,238],"analyze":[8],"the":[9,13,19,25,45,50,54,58,61,64,71,81,93,101,107,113,117,137,147,150,157,165,169,186,217,220],"crowd":[10,85,138,166,187,204,214,241,247],"dynamics":[11,167,188],"visitors":[14,35,148],"at":[15,189,219],"Al-Masjid":[16],"al-Nabawi":[17],"during":[18,100,112],"most":[20,26,72,221],"oversaturated":[21,73],"period":[22],"characterize":[24],"critical":[27,222],"conditions":[28],"and":[29,36,56,78,106,111,140,153,224],"suggest":[30],"technical":[31],"solutions":[32],"accommodate":[34],"provide":[37],"them":[38],"safe":[39],"passage.":[40],"Design/methodology/approach":[41],"In":[42,184],"study,":[44],"time":[46],"entrance":[48],"from":[49,57,63,149,177,206],"Al-Salam":[51],"Gate":[52,66],"tomb":[55,59],"exit":[62],"Al-Baqi\u2019":[65],"has":[67,132],"been":[68,133],"collected":[69,91,228],"in":[70,92,168,216,229,250],"period.":[74],"To":[75],"be":[76,233],"precise":[77],"model":[80],"worst":[82],"case,":[83],"important":[84],"measures":[86],"effectiveness":[88],"data":[89,227],"are":[90,174,197,209],"two":[94],"holiest":[95],"times":[96,181,191],"considered":[97],"by":[98,156],"Muslims,":[99],"holy":[102],"month":[103,108,170],"Ramadan":[105,172,196],"Dhul-Hijjah":[110],"busiest":[114],"hours":[115],"day":[118],"consider":[120],"safety":[121],"factors":[122],"while":[123],"proposing":[124],"future":[125,236],"solutions.":[126],"conventional":[128],"manual":[129],"head-counting":[130],"method":[131],"adopted":[134],"determine":[136],"density":[139],"carry":[142],"out":[143],"actual":[144],"counting":[145],"recorded":[151],"videos":[152],"photos":[154],"captured":[155],"legitimate":[158],"authority.":[159],"Findings":[160],"analyses":[162],"revealed":[163],"that":[164],"(peak)":[173],"statistically":[175],"different":[176,246],"those":[178],"for":[179,235,244],"other":[180,194],"(off":[182],"peak).":[183],"general,":[185],"all":[190],"on":[192],"days":[193],"than":[195],"almost":[198],"identical.":[199],"Originality/value":[200],"results":[202],"characterization":[205],"expected":[210],"help":[212],"optimize":[213],"management":[215,248],"Masjid":[218],"location":[223],"time.":[225],"could":[232],"used":[234],"research":[237],"simulate":[239],"similar":[240],"scenes":[242],"or":[243,258],"even":[245],"scenarios":[249],"case":[251],"emergencies":[253],"such":[254],"as":[255],"fire":[256],"hazards":[257],"evacuation":[259],"process.":[260]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}