{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3195248147","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ics-07-2020-0121","title":"Key competencies for critical infrastructure cyber-security: a systematic literature review","display_name":"Key competencies for critical infrastructure cyber-security: a systematic literature review","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-08-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3195248147","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ics-07-2020-0121","mag":"3195248147"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1108/ics-07-2020-0121","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ics-07-2020-0121","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195545","display_name":"Information and Computer Security","issn_l":"2056-4961","issn":["2056-4961","2056-497X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information & Computer Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2836701","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085263852","display_name":"Nabin Chowdhury","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3907-734X"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nabin Chowdhury","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Security and Communication Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Security and Communication Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071334624","display_name":"Vasileios Gkioulos","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7304-3835"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vasileios Gkioulos","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Security and Communication Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Security and Communication Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5085263852"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.1149,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97033747,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"5","first_page":"697","last_page":"723"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10917","display_name":"Smart Grid Security and Resilience","score":0.9979000091552734,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12221","display_name":"Cybersecurity and Cyber Warfare Studies","score":0.994700014591217,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3320","display_name":"Political Science and International Relations"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preparedness","display_name":"Preparedness","score":0.693631649017334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/soft-skills","display_name":"Soft skills","score":0.6842333078384399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.5662007927894592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/originality","display_name":"Originality","score":0.5624454617500305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/systematic-review","display_name":"Systematic review","score":0.5281424522399902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workforce","display_name":"Workforce","score":0.49824070930480957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/curriculum","display_name":"Curriculum","score":0.45757150650024414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variety","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","score":0.4441227912902832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/skills-management","display_name":"Skills management","score":0.42978692054748535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.40223297476768494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-education","display_name":"Medical education","score":0.39709699153900146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-ethics","display_name":"Engineering ethics","score":0.3299613893032074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3010466992855072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.23481526970863342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.21938765048980713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.1902807652950287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedagogy","display_name":"Pedagogy","score":0.13509929180145264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medline","display_name":"MEDLINE","score":0.09729823470115662}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777042776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4583103","display_name":"Preparedness","level":2,"score":0.693631649017334},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43075056","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15910354","display_name":"Soft skills","level":2,"score":0.6842333078384399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.5662007927894592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776950860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914681","display_name":"Originality","level":3,"score":0.5624454617500305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189708586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1504425","display_name":"Systematic review","level":3,"score":0.5281424522399902},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778139618","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13440398","display_name":"Workforce","level":2,"score":0.49824070930480957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47177190","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207137","display_name":"Curriculum","level":2,"score":0.45757150650024414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136197465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1729295","display_name":"Variety (cybernetics)","level":2,"score":0.4441227912902832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97082442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1934361","display_name":"Skills management","level":2,"score":0.42978692054748535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.40223297476768494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C509550671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126945","display_name":"Medical education","level":1,"score":0.39709699153900146},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.3299613893032074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3010466992855072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.23481526970863342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.21938765048980713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.1902807652950287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.13509929180145264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779473830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1540899","display_name":"MEDLINE","level":2,"score":0.09729823470115662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11012388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170658","display_name":"Creativity","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1108/ics-07-2020-0121","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ics-07-2020-0121","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195545","display_name":"Information and Computer Security","issn_l":"2056-4961","issn":["2056-4961","2056-497X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information & Computer Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:ntnuopen.ntnu.no:11250/2836701","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2836701","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401716","display_name":"Duo Research Archive (University of Oslo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","host_organization_name":"University of Oslo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information and Computer Security","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/other"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:ntnuopen.ntnu.no:11250/2836701","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2836701","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401716","display_name":"Duo Research Archive (University of Oslo)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I184942183","host_organization_name":"University of Oslo","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184942183"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Information and Computer Security","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/other"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/9","score":0.5899999737739563,"display_name":"Industry, innovation and infrastructure"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":50,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W206505952","https://openalex.org/W1491902629","https://openalex.org/W1494332331","https://openalex.org/W1516142278","https://openalex.org/W1539987097","https://openalex.org/W1573030242","https://openalex.org/W1903961850","https://openalex.org/W1966741850","https://openalex.org/W1966997002","https://openalex.org/W1969069099","https://openalex.org/W1972692672","https://openalex.org/W1973697585","https://openalex.org/W1982563504","https://openalex.org/W1986071485","https://openalex.org/W1989210507","https://openalex.org/W1990067238","https://openalex.org/W2017836055","https://openalex.org/W2052335972","https://openalex.org/W2059506563","https://openalex.org/W2076853838","https://openalex.org/W2081908994","https://openalex.org/W2095019315","https://openalex.org/W2102564236","https://openalex.org/W2111628838","https://openalex.org/W2144079826","https://openalex.org/W2148259798","https://openalex.org/W2153268908","https://openalex.org/W2158386005","https://openalex.org/W2169820470","https://openalex.org/W2174943293","https://openalex.org/W2289544665","https://openalex.org/W2296016106","https://openalex.org/W2405946111","https://openalex.org/W2496447933","https://openalex.org/W2532424365","https://openalex.org/W2548263726","https://openalex.org/W2766127069","https://openalex.org/W2770273620","https://openalex.org/W2773899776","https://openalex.org/W2793402936","https://openalex.org/W2796646760","https://openalex.org/W2797197220","https://openalex.org/W2800771502","https://openalex.org/W2886077282","https://openalex.org/W2891406477","https://openalex.org/W2900542336","https://openalex.org/W2980131799","https://openalex.org/W3007717426","https://openalex.org/W3100252992","https://openalex.org/W4230908098"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4200125601","https://openalex.org/W2189494603","https://openalex.org/W2936112781","https://openalex.org/W3211000096","https://openalex.org/W3130647994","https://openalex.org/W3213367260","https://openalex.org/W4323287537","https://openalex.org/W544167","https://openalex.org/W4387882659","https://openalex.org/W4309284605"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Purpose":[0],"The":[1,252],"purpose":[2],"of":[3,95,104,139,167,238,254,262],"this":[4,100,198,255],"paper":[5],"can":[6],"be":[7,111,152,206],"encapsulated":[8],"in":[9,99,116,213,224],"the":[10,14,19,37,42,79,96,145,155,216,225,260],"following":[11],"points:":[12],"identify":[13,66],"research":[15,150,256],"papers":[16,68],"published":[17],"on":[18,59,141,154],"topic:":[20],"competencies":[21,107,219,243],"and":[22,40,70,74,84,88,106,130,148,161,181,189,218,236,242,268],"skills":[23,73,105,119,143,160,169,217,241],"necessary":[24,112],"for":[25,51,82,113,174,221,247,250,259,265],"critical":[26,147,246],"infrastructure":[27],"(CI)":[28],"cyber-security":[29],"(CS)":[30],"protection;":[31],"determine":[32],"main":[33],"focus":[34],"areas":[35],"within":[36],"identified":[38],"literature":[39,62,188,199,239],"evaluate":[41],"dependency":[43],"or":[44],"lack":[45,138],"thereof":[46],"between":[47,157],"them:":[48],"make":[49],"recommendations":[50],"future":[52],"research.":[53],"Design/methodology/approach":[54],"This":[55,228],"study":[56,229],"is":[57,135],"based":[58],"a":[60,92,102,137,231],"systematic":[61],"review":[63,200,237],"conducted":[64,153],"to":[65,86,110,208],"scientific":[67],"discussing":[69,240],"evaluating":[71],"competencies,":[72],"essential":[75],"attributes":[76],"needed":[77],"by":[78,172,178],"CI":[80],"workforce":[81],"CS":[83,114,162,176,211,222,248,266],"preparedness":[85],"attacks":[87],"incidents.":[89],"Findings":[90,196],"After":[91],"comparative":[93],"analysis":[94],"articles":[97],"reviewed":[98],"study,":[101],"variety":[103],"was":[108],"found":[109],"assurance":[115,249],"CIs.":[117],"These":[118],"have":[120],"been":[121],"grouped":[122],"into":[123],"four":[124],"categories,":[125],"namely,":[126],"technical,":[127],"managerial,":[128],"implementation":[129],"soft":[131,159],"skills.":[132],"Nonetheless,":[133],"there":[134],"still":[136],"agreement":[140],"which":[142,168],"are":[144,170,192,257],"most":[146],"further":[149],"should":[151,205],"relation":[156],"specific":[158,175],"assurance.":[163],"Research":[164],"limitations/implications":[165],"Investigation":[166],"required":[171,220],"industry":[173,190],"roles,":[177],"conducting":[179],"interviews":[180],"sending":[182],"questionnaire\\surveys,":[183],"would":[184],"allow":[185],"consolidating":[186],"whether":[187],"requirements":[191],"equivalent.":[193],"Practical":[194],"implications":[195],"from":[197],"suggest":[201],"that":[202],"more":[203],"effort":[204],"taken":[207],"conciliate":[209],"current":[210,234],"curricula":[212],"academia":[214],"with":[215],"roles":[223],"industry.":[226],"Originality/value":[227],"provides":[230],"previously":[232],"lacking":[233],"mapping":[235],"evidenced":[244],"as":[245],"CI.":[251],"findings":[253],"useful":[258],"development":[261],"comprehensive":[263],"solutions":[264],"awareness":[267],"training.":[269]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}