{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1508514464","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ics-05-2014-0033","title":"Information security culture \u2013 state-of-the-art review between 2000 and 2013","display_name":"Information security culture \u2013 state-of-the-art review between 2000 and 2013","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-06-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1508514464","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ics-05-2014-0033","mag":"1508514464"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1108/ics-05-2014-0033","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ics-05-2014-0033","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195545","display_name":"Information and Computer Security","issn_l":"2056-4961","issn":["2056-4961","2056-497X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information & Computer Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102891889","display_name":"Fredrik Karlsson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8611-2649"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26437253","display_name":"\u00d6rebro University","ror":"https://ror.org/05kytsw45","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26437253"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fredrik Karlsson","raw_affiliation_strings":["CERIS, Department of Informatics,\u00d6rebro University,\u00d6rebro,Sweden","(CERIS, Department of Informatics, \u00d6rebro University, \u00d6rebro, Sweden)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CERIS, Department of Informatics,\u00d6rebro University,\u00d6rebro,Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26437253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"(CERIS, Department of Informatics, \u00d6rebro University, \u00d6rebro, Sweden)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26437253"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046176318","display_name":"Joachim \u00c5str\u00f6m","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7291-2875"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26437253","display_name":"\u00d6rebro University","ror":"https://ror.org/05kytsw45","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26437253"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joachim \u00c5str\u00f6m","raw_affiliation_strings":["Political Science Department,\u00d6rebro University,\u00d6rebro,Sweden","Political Science Department, \u00d6rebro University , \u00d6rebro, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Political Science Department,\u00d6rebro University,\u00d6rebro,Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26437253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Political Science Department, \u00d6rebro University , \u00d6rebro, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26437253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042010398","display_name":"Martin Karlsson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5485-8577"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I26437253","display_name":"\u00d6rebro University","ror":"https://ror.org/05kytsw45","country_code":"SE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I26437253"]}],"countries":["SE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Martin Karlsson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Political Science Department,\u00d6rebro University,\u00d6rebro,Sweden","Political Science Department, \u00d6rebro University , \u00d6rebro, Sweden"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Political Science Department,\u00d6rebro University,\u00d6rebro,Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26437253"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Political Science Department, \u00d6rebro University , \u00d6rebro, Sweden","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26437253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5102891889"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I26437253"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":13.2667,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":72,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98447049,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"3","first_page":"246","last_page":"285"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9294999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9294999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12326","display_name":"Network Packet Processing and Optimization","score":0.00839999970048666,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1708","display_name":"Hardware and Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.006300000008195639,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.5721343159675598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/repertoire","display_name":"Repertoire","score":0.519386351108551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-design","display_name":"Research design","score":0.48633986711502075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4805169999599457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-security","display_name":"Information security","score":0.474824994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.4626046419143677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/maturity","display_name":"Maturity (psychological)","score":0.4551655054092407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/empirical-research","display_name":"Empirical research","score":0.4482090473175049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-system","display_name":"Information system","score":0.42761847376823425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-management","display_name":"Knowledge management","score":0.42750734090805054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.42505791783332825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.4022237956523895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.36527758836746216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering-ethics","display_name":"Engineering ethics","score":0.3617348074913025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/management-science","display_name":"Management science","score":0.3593007028102875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.24078139662742615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-science","display_name":"Social science","score":0.21176540851593018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.16778212785720825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.13888075947761536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08387154340744019}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.5721343159675598},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778473898","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145110","display_name":"Repertoire","level":2,"score":0.519386351108551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779318504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1438035","display_name":"Research design","level":2,"score":0.48633986711502075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4805169999599457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C527648132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189900","display_name":"Information security","level":2,"score":0.474824994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.4626046419143677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101433766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3543263","display_name":"Maturity (psychological)","level":2,"score":0.4551655054092407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120936955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2155640","display_name":"Empirical research","level":2,"score":0.4482090473175049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180198813","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121182","display_name":"Information system","level":2,"score":0.42761847376823425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56739046","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192060","display_name":"Knowledge management","level":1,"score":0.42750734090805054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.42505791783332825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.4022237956523895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.36527758836746216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55587333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1133029","display_name":"Engineering ethics","level":1,"score":0.3617348074913025},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C539667460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2414942","display_name":"Management science","level":1,"score":0.3593007028102875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.24078139662742615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.21176540851593018},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.16778212785720825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.13888075947761536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08387154340744019},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1108/ics-05-2014-0033","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ics-05-2014-0033","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195545","display_name":"Information and Computer Security","issn_l":"2056-4961","issn":["2056-4961","2056-497X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information & Computer Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":124,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W10637782","https://openalex.org/W36117296","https://openalex.org/W42179619","https://openalex.org/W79962378","https://openalex.org/W110720233","https://openalex.org/W113511247","https://openalex.org/W122607271","https://openalex.org/W126752213","https://openalex.org/W130727141","https://openalex.org/W134621647","https://openalex.org/W137244522","https://openalex.org/W145461718","https://openalex.org/W157132561","https://openalex.org/W287774841","https://openalex.org/W580842819","https://openalex.org/W611706077","https://openalex.org/W643504182","https://openalex.org/W1486815345","https://openalex.org/W1512740566","https://openalex.org/W1517123431","https://openalex.org/W1517443544","https://openalex.org/W1533059582","https://openalex.org/W1537544362","https://openalex.org/W1543864429","https://openalex.org/W1548852720","https://openalex.org/W1561222259","https://openalex.org/W1572332916","https://openalex.org/W1578929691","https://openalex.org/W1591162832","https://openalex.org/W1597209777","https://openalex.org/W1601258320","https://openalex.org/W1602619638","https://openalex.org/W1608742445","https://openalex.org/W1657338634","https://openalex.org/W1673470162","https://openalex.org/W1805157503","https://openalex.org/W1817361523","https://openalex.org/W1846357020","https://openalex.org/W1903013269","https://openalex.org/W1968584218","https://openalex.org/W1969842075","https://openalex.org/W1970016101","https://openalex.org/W1970056729","https://openalex.org/W1970423488","https://openalex.org/W1971422931","https://openalex.org/W1972093152","https://openalex.org/W1978630615","https://openalex.org/W1978854302","https://openalex.org/W1979572581","https://openalex.org/W1980898305","https://openalex.org/W1981041683","https://openalex.org/W1982818311","https://openalex.org/W1982876027","https://openalex.org/W1985044911","https://openalex.org/W1986019440","https://openalex.org/W1986793627","https://openalex.org/W1990562690","https://openalex.org/W1993848086","https://openalex.org/W1994214898","https://openalex.org/W1997603734","https://openalex.org/W1999318410","https://openalex.org/W2000049229","https://openalex.org/W2000431168","https://openalex.org/W2000644180","https://openalex.org/W2002997376","https://openalex.org/W2013318708","https://openalex.org/W2032545502","https://openalex.org/W2033728378","https://openalex.org/W2037069781","https://openalex.org/W2037104605","https://openalex.org/W2048584594","https://openalex.org/W2051893325","https://openalex.org/W2054994890","https://openalex.org/W2060342098","https://openalex.org/W2061995796","https://openalex.org/W2063054617","https://openalex.org/W2064499509","https://openalex.org/W2068703725","https://openalex.org/W2071051448","https://openalex.org/W2071524391","https://openalex.org/W2077670523","https://openalex.org/W2080601652","https://openalex.org/W2080940090","https://openalex.org/W2081683552","https://openalex.org/W2085123588","https://openalex.org/W2088489410","https://openalex.org/W2098335992","https://openalex.org/W2099358840","https://openalex.org/W2099697766","https://openalex.org/W2100511523","https://openalex.org/W2106693206","https://openalex.org/W2107919676","https://openalex.org/W2115571006","https://openalex.org/W2115749994","https://openalex.org/W2127281374","https://openalex.org/W2132454116","https://openalex.org/W2136451344","https://openalex.org/W2140918013","https://openalex.org/W2161347937","https://openalex.org/W2164723050","https://openalex.org/W2169571673","https://openalex.org/W2171626176","https://openalex.org/W2190164446","https://openalex.org/W2222962711","https://openalex.org/W2230871008","https://openalex.org/W2243516156","https://openalex.org/W2246360106","https://openalex.org/W2293716611","https://openalex.org/W2396281761","https://openalex.org/W2398630588","https://openalex.org/W2505849461","https://openalex.org/W2539716067","https://openalex.org/W2589904943","https://openalex.org/W2601192915","https://openalex.org/W2931282575","https://openalex.org/W3122539597","https://openalex.org/W3125616204","https://openalex.org/W3151685851","https://openalex.org/W4237356565","https://openalex.org/W4248129466","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6637139725","https://openalex.org/W6689378518","https://openalex.org/W6922508134"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3120300186","https://openalex.org/W2084831119","https://openalex.org/W4255048859","https://openalex.org/W2049719300","https://openalex.org/W2278124082","https://openalex.org/W2055491483","https://openalex.org/W4378635687","https://openalex.org/W2019758535","https://openalex.org/W2026305825","https://openalex.org/W2093107729"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Purpose":[0],"\u2013":[1,37,57,132,140,150,228,269],"The":[2],"aim":[3],"of":[4,19,45,71,84,93,104,124,137,160,185,188,197,279,289,316],"this":[5,30,186,314],"paper":[6,59],"is":[7,79,110,127,145,245],"to":[8,15,181,205,216,235,249,275],"survey":[9],"existing":[10,63,97,224,232,280,301,311],"information":[11,46,86,115,162,189,283,294,317],"security":[12,47,87,163,190,284,295],"culture":[13,48,296],"research":[14,49,64,72,98,105,117,126,155,168,198,233,252,281,290,297,312],"scrutinise":[16],"the":[17,26,82,125,158,166,183,277,300],"kind":[18],"knowledge":[20,31,302],"that":[21,62,81,94,109,143,209,231],"has":[22,32,65,99],"been":[23,33,91,220,265],"developed":[24],"and":[25,53,192],"way":[27],"in":[28,114,118,223,293,313],"which":[29,141,262,304],"brought":[34],"about.":[35],"Design/methodology/approach":[36],"Results":[38],"are":[39],"based":[40],"on":[41,67,175,282,287],"a":[42,68,101,107,134,194,236,307],"literature":[43],"review":[44],"published":[50],"between":[51],"2000":[52],"2013":[54],"(December).":[55],"Findings":[56,151,229,286],"This":[58],"can":[60],"conclude":[61],"focused":[66],"broad":[69],"set":[70,196],"topics,":[73],"but":[74],"with":[75,170],"limited":[76,112],"depth.":[77],"It":[78,200],"striking":[80],"effects":[83,159],"different":[85,161],"cultures":[88],"have":[89,219,263,273],"not":[90,264],"part":[92,123],"focus.":[95],"Moreover,":[96],"used":[100,292],"small":[102],"repertoire":[103,108],"methods,":[106],"more":[111,174],"than":[113],"systems":[116],"general.":[119],"Furthermore,":[120],"an":[121],"extensive":[122],"descriptive,":[128,239],"philosophical":[129,240],"or":[130,178,212,241,259],"theoretical":[131],"lacking":[133,222],"structured":[135],"use":[136,210],"empirical":[138],"data":[139],"means":[142],"it":[144,244],"quite":[146],"immature.":[147],"Research":[148],"limitations/implications":[149],"call":[152],"for":[153,247,257,306],"future":[154,207],"that:":[156],"addresses":[157,165],"cultures;":[164],"identified":[167],"topics":[169],"greater":[171],"depth;":[172],"focuses":[173],"generating":[176],"theories":[177,180],"testing":[179],"increase":[182],"maturity":[184,278],"subfield":[187],"research;":[191],"uses":[193],"broader":[195],"methods.":[199],"would":[201],"be":[202],"particularly":[203],"interesting":[204],"see":[206],"studies":[208],"intervening":[211],"ethnographic":[213],"approaches":[214],"because,":[215],"date,":[217],"these":[218,251],"completely":[221],"research.":[225],"Practical":[226],"implications":[227],"show":[230],"is,":[234],"large":[237],"extent,":[238],"theoretical.":[242],"Hence,":[243],"difficult":[246],"practitioners":[248],"adopt":[250],"results,":[253],"such":[254],"as":[255],"frameworks":[256],"cultivating":[258],"assessment":[260],"tools,":[261],"empirically":[266],"validated.":[267],"Originality/value":[268],"Few":[270],"state-of-the-art":[271],"reviews":[272],"sought":[274],"assess":[276],"culture.":[285],"types":[288],"methods":[291],"extend":[298],"beyond":[299],"base,":[303],"allows":[305],"critical":[308],"discussion":[309],"about":[310],"sub-discipline":[315],"security.":[318]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-12T08:34:05.389933","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}