{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3080286475","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ics-02-2020-0028","title":"Firm investment decisions for information security under a fuzzy environment: a game-theoretic approach","display_name":"Firm investment decisions for information security under a fuzzy environment: a game-theoretic approach","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-08-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3080286475","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ics-02-2020-0028","mag":"3080286475"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1108/ics-02-2020-0028","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ics-02-2020-0028","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195545","display_name":"Information and Computer Security","issn_l":"2056-4961","issn":["2056-4961","2056-497X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information & Computer Security","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067872979","display_name":"Rohit Gupta","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4436-8275"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210162014","display_name":"Indian Institute of Management Ranchi","ror":"https://ror.org/05t1d6r64","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210162014"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Rohit Gupta","raw_affiliation_strings":["Operations Management Area, Indian Institute of Management Ranchi, Ranchi, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Operations Management Area, Indian Institute of Management Ranchi, Ranchi, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162014"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049603491","display_name":"Baidyanath Biswas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0609-3530"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I158867519","display_name":"International Management Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00jatyx22","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I158867519"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Baidyanath Biswas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Information Technology and Operations Area, International Management Institute \u2013 Kolkata, Kolkata, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Information Technology and Operations Area, International Management Institute \u2013 Kolkata, Kolkata, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I158867519"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5053633615","display_name":"Indranil Biswas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0362-6944"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91699865","display_name":"Indian Institute of Management Lucknow","ror":"https://ror.org/05gfjrx96","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91699865"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Indranil Biswas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Operation Management Area, Indian Institute of Management Lucknow, Lucknow, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Operation Management Area, Indian Institute of Management Lucknow, Lucknow, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91699865"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083754456","display_name":"Shib Sankar Sana","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7834-8969"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130291710","display_name":"Visva-Bharati University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y28sc20","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130291710"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shib Sankar Sana","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Kishore Bharati Bhagini Nivedita College, Kolkata, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Kishore Bharati Bhagini Nivedita College, Kolkata, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130291710"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5067872979"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210162014"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.3888,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.86673499,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"1","first_page":"73","last_page":"104"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10734","display_name":"Information and Cyber Security","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10400","display_name":"Network Security and Intrusion Detection","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12519","display_name":"Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies","score":0.9735999703407288,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vulnerability","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","score":0.6725614666938782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/investment","display_name":"Investment (military)","score":0.5377644896507263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asset","display_name":"Asset (computer security)","score":0.47758033871650696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-logic","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","score":0.4439954459667206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fuzzy-set","display_name":"Fuzzy set","score":0.4378049671649933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.43184179067611694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.428314208984375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.4257194995880127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","score":0.42020803689956665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/privilege","display_name":"Privilege (computing)","score":0.41310715675354004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microeconomics","display_name":"Microeconomics","score":0.3659037947654724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3045644164085388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.09502294659614563}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95713431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631425","display_name":"Vulnerability (computing)","level":2,"score":0.6725614666938782},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27548731","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q88272","display_name":"Investment (military)","level":3,"score":0.5377644896507263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76178495","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4808784","display_name":"Asset (computer security)","level":2,"score":0.47758033871650696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q224821","display_name":"Fuzzy logic","level":2,"score":0.4439954459667206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42011625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1055058","display_name":"Fuzzy set","level":3,"score":0.4378049671649933},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.43184179067611694},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.428314208984375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.4257194995880127},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.42020803689956665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780138299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3404265","display_name":"Privilege (computing)","level":2,"score":0.41310715675354004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175444787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q39072","display_name":"Microeconomics","level":1,"score":0.3659037947654724},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3045644164085388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.09502294659614563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1108/ics-02-2020-0028","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ics-02-2020-0028","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210195545","display_name":"Information and Computer Security","issn_l":"2056-4961","issn":["2056-4961","2056-497X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Information & Computer Security","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":96,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W110993677","https://openalex.org/W187467415","https://openalex.org/W604628271","https://openalex.org/W1483280370","https://openalex.org/W1862927922","https://openalex.org/W1925725102","https://openalex.org/W1964044985","https://openalex.org/W1967820237","https://openalex.org/W1970811294","https://openalex.org/W1974783479","https://openalex.org/W1984381799","https://openalex.org/W1990600682","https://openalex.org/W1995223184","https://openalex.org/W2002041997","https://openalex.org/W2009844901","https://openalex.org/W2015632107","https://openalex.org/W2017809722","https://openalex.org/W2028833175","https://openalex.org/W2045006695","https://openalex.org/W2054020565","https://openalex.org/W2055988227","https://openalex.org/W2056075452","https://openalex.org/W2056234946","https://openalex.org/W2061017289","https://openalex.org/W2062460331","https://openalex.org/W2062493711","https://openalex.org/W2069700160","https://openalex.org/W2076406307","https://openalex.org/W2081135753","https://openalex.org/W2085585817","https://openalex.org/W2086238455","https://openalex.org/W2088657354","https://openalex.org/W2091269090","https://openalex.org/W2091860459","https://openalex.org/W2094577155","https://openalex.org/W2097742821","https://openalex.org/W2098201434","https://openalex.org/W2128530362","https://openalex.org/W2184171277","https://openalex.org/W2197519133","https://openalex.org/W2232661910","https://openalex.org/W2235218515","https://openalex.org/W2253327857","https://openalex.org/W2302023226","https://openalex.org/W2336964007","https://openalex.org/W2338241168","https://openalex.org/W2340507773","https://openalex.org/W2467898204","https://openalex.org/W2513690574","https://openalex.org/W2526441969","https://openalex.org/W2570398869","https://openalex.org/W2596381156","https://openalex.org/W2597751094","https://openalex.org/W2603877003","https://openalex.org/W2605381169","https://openalex.org/W2605544885","https://openalex.org/W2610527038","https://openalex.org/W2619152032","https://openalex.org/W2727477768","https://openalex.org/W2733022680","https://openalex.org/W2743826488","https://openalex.org/W2744879410","https://openalex.org/W2751867210","https://openalex.org/W2766892931","https://openalex.org/W2768609312","https://openalex.org/W2771049934","https://openalex.org/W2786453484","https://openalex.org/W2790023090","https://openalex.org/W2793356174","https://openalex.org/W2794220480","https://openalex.org/W2800085194","https://openalex.org/W2805466842","https://openalex.org/W2811130173","https://openalex.org/W2895128547","https://openalex.org/W2902503865","https://openalex.org/W2906159207","https://openalex.org/W2907277971","https://openalex.org/W2944170415","https://openalex.org/W2958264303","https://openalex.org/W2965438782","https://openalex.org/W2972705049","https://openalex.org/W2973683479","https://openalex.org/W2973915806","https://openalex.org/W2985776815","https://openalex.org/W2998547875","https://openalex.org/W3005216181","https://openalex.org/W3011497956","https://openalex.org/W3014589148","https://openalex.org/W3022329878","https://openalex.org/W3023563043","https://openalex.org/W3026534952","https://openalex.org/W3027282887","https://openalex.org/W4211007335","https://openalex.org/W4230588984","https://openalex.org/W4249936906","https://openalex.org/W4394652449"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2374400535","https://openalex.org/W1603110617","https://openalex.org/W2108239983","https://openalex.org/W2892079901","https://openalex.org/W2134261832","https://openalex.org/W4385764548","https://openalex.org/W2378735042","https://openalex.org/W2940342784","https://openalex.org/W3096635194","https://openalex.org/W3128918726"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Purpose":[0],"This":[1,199],"paper":[2],"aims":[3],"to":[4,77,87,98,137,213],"examine":[5],"optimal":[6,26,30,204],"decisions":[7,107],"for":[8,12,50,218],"information":[9,80],"security":[10,105],"investments":[11,76],"a":[13,16,44,51,54,57,66,149,154,239],"firm":[14,46,74,96,114,176,261],"in":[15,56,65,128,182,267],"fuzzy":[17,180,194,265,279],"environment.":[18],"Under":[19],"both":[20,219],"sequential":[21,58,220],"and":[22,34,47,61,170,221,230,255],"simultaneous":[23,67,222],"attack":[24,223],"scenarios,":[25],"investment":[27,106],"of":[28,32,109,124,147,160,165,193,227,245,250,278],"firm,":[29,162,247],"efforts":[31,86],"attackers":[33,49,83,135,166,251],"their":[35,85],"economic":[36,216],"utilities":[37],"are":[38,70,122,177,262],"determined.":[39],"Design/methodology/approach":[40],"Throughout":[41],"the":[42,73,82,95,113,131,145,161,168,175,183,191,203,234,246,253,260,268,276],"analysis,":[43],"single":[45],"two":[48],"\u201cfirm":[52,62],"as":[53,179,264],"leader\u201d":[55],"game":[59,68],"setting":[60,69],"versus":[63],"attackers\u201d":[64],"considered.":[71],"While":[72],"makes":[75],"secure":[78],"its":[79,104,214],"assets,":[81],"spend":[84],"launch":[88],"breaches.":[89],"Findings":[90],"It":[91],"is":[92,211],"observed":[93],"that":[94,134,202],"needs":[97],"invest":[99,116],"more":[100],"when":[101,119,141],"it":[102],"announces":[103],"ahead":[108],"attacks.":[110],"In":[111,153,238],"contrast,":[112],"can":[115],"relatively":[117],"less":[118],"all":[120],"agents":[121],"unaware":[123],"each":[125,209],"other\u2019s":[126],"choices":[127],"advance.":[129],"Further,":[130],"study":[132,200],"reveals":[133],"need":[136],"exert":[138],"higher":[139],"effort":[140,206],"no":[142],"agent":[143],"enjoys":[144],"privilege":[146],"being":[148],"leader.":[150],"Research":[151],"limitations/implications":[152],"novel":[155,240],"approach,":[156,241],"inherent":[157,242],"system":[158,243],"vulnerability":[159,244],"financial":[163,248],"benefit":[164,217,249],"from":[167,252],"breach":[169,188,205,254,273],"monetary":[171,256],"loss":[172,257],"suffered":[173,258],"by":[174,208,259],"considered,":[178,263],"variables":[181,266],"well-recognized":[184,269],"Gordon":[185,270],"\u2013":[186,271],"Loeb":[187,272],"function,":[189,274],"with":[190,275],"help":[192,277],"expectation":[195,280],"operator.":[196,281],"Practical":[197],"implications":[198],"reports":[201],"exerted":[207],"attacker":[210],"proportional":[212],"obtained":[215],"scenarios.":[224],"A":[225],"set":[226],"numerical":[228],"experiments":[229],"sensitivity":[231],"analyzes":[232],"complement":[233],"analytical":[235],"modeling.":[236],"Originality/value":[237]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-03-12T08:34:05.389933","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}