{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2803166460","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/el-01-2017-0012","title":"Barriers to digitization in university libraries of Pakistan: a developing country\u2019s perspective","display_name":"Barriers to digitization in university libraries of Pakistan: a developing country\u2019s perspective","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-05-14","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2803166460","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/el-01-2017-0012","mag":"2803166460"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1108/el-01-2017-0012","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/el-01-2017-0012","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S902750600","display_name":"The Electronic Library","issn_l":"0264-0473","issn":["0264-0473","1758-616X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Electronic Library","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019028080","display_name":"Muhammad Rafiq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8291-2569"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172780181","display_name":"University of the Punjab","ror":"https://ror.org/011maz450","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172780181"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Rafiq","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Management, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Management, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172780181"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5067477277","display_name":"Kanwal Ameen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7909-1862"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I172780181","display_name":"University of the Punjab","ror":"https://ror.org/011maz450","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I172780181"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kanwal Ameen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Management, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Management, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172780181"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052420876","display_name":"Munazza Jabeen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3831-3283"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125839683","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01skt4w74","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125839683","https://openalex.org/I890469752"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I20561161","display_name":"University of Balochistan","ror":"https://ror.org/04bf33n91","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I20561161"]}],"countries":["CN","PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Munazza Jabeen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Library and Information Science, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan","School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Library and Information Science, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I20561161"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Management and Economics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125839683"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019028080"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I172780181"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.6089,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98385957,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"3","first_page":"457","last_page":"470"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12289","display_name":"Library Science and Administration","score":0.8788999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3309","display_name":"Library and Information Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12289","display_name":"Library Science and Administration","score":0.8788999915122986,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3309","display_name":"Library and Information Sciences"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11479","display_name":"Smart Cities and Technologies","score":0.7910000085830688,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12863","display_name":"Web and Library Services","score":0.7874000072479248,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digitization","display_name":"Digitization","score":0.9077717661857605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/originality","display_name":"Originality","score":0.6764591932296753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/developing-country","display_name":"Developing country","score":0.5917441844940186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","score":0.4946136176586151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-collection","display_name":"Data collection","score":0.49424389004707336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/library-science","display_name":"Library science","score":0.4765884578227997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qualitative-research","display_name":"Qualitative research","score":0.4726875126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.4686681032180786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/survey-research","display_name":"Survey research","score":0.46542948484420776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qualitative-property","display_name":"Qualitative property","score":0.45062923431396484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.43276792764663696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/research-design","display_name":"Research design","score":0.4146426022052765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.32224100828170776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-science","display_name":"Social science","score":0.265113890171051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.21267050504684448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.18838664889335632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economic-growth","display_name":"Economic growth","score":0.15142476558685303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/economics","display_name":"Economics","score":0.11901071667671204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/socioeconomics","display_name":"Socioeconomics","score":0.11414763331413269}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779308522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843958","display_name":"Digitization","level":2,"score":0.9077717661857605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776950860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914681","display_name":"Originality","level":3,"score":0.6764591932296753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83864248","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177323","display_name":"Developing country","level":2,"score":0.5917441844940186},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4946136176586151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133462117","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4929239","display_name":"Data collection","level":2,"score":0.49424389004707336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161191863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655","display_name":"Library science","level":1,"score":0.4765884578227997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190248442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q839486","display_name":"Qualitative research","level":2,"score":0.4726875126361847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.4686681032180786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173481278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7257997","display_name":"Survey research","level":2,"score":0.46542948484420776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87156501","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268708","display_name":"Qualitative property","level":2,"score":0.45062923431396484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.43276792764663696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779318504","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1438035","display_name":"Research design","level":2,"score":0.4146426022052765},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.32224100828170776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.265113890171051},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.21267050504684448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.18838664889335632},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.15142476558685303},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.11901071667671204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45355965","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1643441","display_name":"Socioeconomics","level":1,"score":0.11414763331413269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1108/el-01-2017-0012","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/el-01-2017-0012","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S902750600","display_name":"The Electronic Library","issn_l":"0264-0473","issn":["0264-0473","1758-616X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"The Electronic Library","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Partnerships for the goals","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/17","score":0.5299999713897705}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W75299995","https://openalex.org/W214411102","https://openalex.org/W260696140","https://openalex.org/W1580828904","https://openalex.org/W1965700411","https://openalex.org/W1969765608","https://openalex.org/W1976495291","https://openalex.org/W1979166104","https://openalex.org/W1981158451","https://openalex.org/W1998531281","https://openalex.org/W2006873532","https://openalex.org/W2009712349","https://openalex.org/W2012673136","https://openalex.org/W2057181191","https://openalex.org/W2063688714","https://openalex.org/W2084686649","https://openalex.org/W2090735321","https://openalex.org/W2121548936","https://openalex.org/W2163619511","https://openalex.org/W2170655266","https://openalex.org/W2172189017","https://openalex.org/W2463688099","https://openalex.org/W2560385721","https://openalex.org/W2915800198","https://openalex.org/W2992924247","https://openalex.org/W4232847762","https://openalex.org/W4233016583","https://openalex.org/W4253463223","https://openalex.org/W4254437122","https://openalex.org/W4285719527"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2593155302","https://openalex.org/W2041415459","https://openalex.org/W2568516288","https://openalex.org/W3123704848","https://openalex.org/W2562861752","https://openalex.org/W1959254644","https://openalex.org/W4320806424","https://openalex.org/W4207076231","https://openalex.org/W4311478311","https://openalex.org/W4206134169"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Purpose":[0],"The":[1,21,42,123,140,155],"purpose":[2],"of":[3,18,44,50,58,80,89,101,108,120,137,142],"this":[4],"study":[5,22,46,144],"is":[6],"to":[7,116],"identify":[8],"barriers":[9,127],"that":[10],"are":[11,145,157],"hindering":[12,130],"digitization":[13,132],"initiatives":[14],"in":[15,70,134],"university":[16,135,150,153],"libraries":[17,49,136,151],"Pakistan.":[19,59,138],"Design/methodology/approach":[20],"opted":[23],"a":[24,38],"mixed-methods":[25],"research":[26,40,110,118],"design":[27],"based":[28],"on":[29],"quantitative":[30],"(QUAN)":[31],"and":[32,55,104,152],"qualitative":[33],"(QUAL)":[34],"strands":[35],"by":[36],"using":[37],"survey":[39],"method.":[41],"subjects":[43],"the":[45,51,71,75,90,99,109,113,121,126,131,143],"were":[47,92,96,129],"central":[48],"universities":[52],"(both":[53],"public":[54],"private":[56],"sector)":[57],"A":[60],"self-administered":[61],"structured":[62],"questionnaire":[63],"was":[64],"used":[65],"for":[66,147,160],"QUAN":[67,72,103],"data":[68,115],"collection":[69],"strand.":[73],"In":[74],"QUAL":[76,105],"phase,":[77],"in-depth":[78],"interviews":[79],"purposely":[81],"selected":[82],"25":[83],"library":[84],"experts":[85],"from":[86,98],"different":[87],"parts":[88],"country":[91],"conducted.":[93],"Findings":[94],"Meta-inferences":[95],"drawn":[97],"findings":[100,141,156],"both":[102],"strands.":[106],"Both":[107],"designs":[111],"provided":[112],"requisite":[114],"answer":[117],"questions":[119],"study.":[122],"finding":[124],"revealed":[125],"which":[128],"activities":[133],"Originality/value":[139],"helpful":[146,159],"funding":[148],"bodies,":[149],"administration.":[154],"also":[158],"other":[161],"developing":[162],"countries":[163],"with":[164],"similar":[165],"economic":[166],"and/or":[167],"social":[168],"landscapes.":[169]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}