{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2065647593","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/eb026876","title":"A NOTE ON THE LITERAL INTELLIGENCE OF COMPUTERS AND DOCUMENTS","display_name":"A NOTE ON THE LITERAL INTELLIGENCE OF COMPUTERS AND DOCUMENTS","publication_year":1991,"publication_date":"1991-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2065647593","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/eb026876","mag":"2065647593"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1108/eb026876","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/eb026876","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10082577","display_name":"Journal of Documentation","issn_l":"0022-0418","issn":["0022-0418","1758-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Documentation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029218706","display_name":"Julian Warner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9845-8586"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","display_name":"Queen's University Belfast","ror":"https://ror.org/00hswnk62","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"JULIAN WARNER","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Finance and Information The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT7 1NN","(School of Finance and Information, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT7 1NN)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Finance and Information The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland BT7 1NN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"(School of Finance and Information, The Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland, BT7 1NN)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5029218706"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.20351632,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"47","issue":"2","first_page":"167","last_page":"190"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.9829000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12002","display_name":"Computability, Logic, AI Algorithms","score":0.9829000234603882,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T14394","display_name":"Cognitive Science and Education Research","score":0.9627000093460083,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12090","display_name":"Language and cultural evolution","score":0.9545999765396118,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3316","display_name":"Cultural Studies"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/literal","display_name":"Literal (mathematical logic)","score":0.7298921942710876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6462216973304749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.6053487062454224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dialectic","display_name":"Dialectic","score":0.5892217755317688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/turing","display_name":"Turing","score":0.5838006138801575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/comprehension","display_name":"Comprehension","score":0.5313882231712341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.5000321865081787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/literal-and-figurative-language","display_name":"Literal and figurative language","score":0.4983949661254883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognitive-science","display_name":"Cognitive science","score":0.41514265537261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.3991870582103729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/epistemology","display_name":"Epistemology","score":0.34117382764816284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.31251978874206543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.22610273957252502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.12457102537155151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history","display_name":"History","score":0.11890953779220581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.08475098013877869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.0836370587348938}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780882242","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14235582","display_name":"Literal (mathematical logic)","level":2,"score":0.7298921942710876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6462216973304749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.6053487062454224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13184196","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9453","display_name":"Dialectic","level":2,"score":0.5892217755317688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9870796","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q490481","display_name":"Turing","level":2,"score":0.5838006138801575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C511192102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5156948","display_name":"Comprehension","level":2,"score":0.5313882231712341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.5000321865081787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46182478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7363315","display_name":"Literal and figurative language","level":2,"score":0.4983949661254883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188147891","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q147638","display_name":"Cognitive science","level":1,"score":0.41514265537261963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.3991870582103729},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111472728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9471","display_name":"Epistemology","level":1,"score":0.34117382764816284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.31251978874206543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.22610273957252502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.12457102537155151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.11890953779220581},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.08475098013877869},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0836370587348938},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1108/eb026876","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/eb026876","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10082577","display_name":"Journal of Documentation","issn_l":"0022-0418","issn":["0022-0418","1758-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Documentation","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.qub.ac.uk/portal:publications/9151251c-4468-4e84-b488-75f3f46c85d9","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/9151251c-4468-4e84-b488-75f3f46c85d9","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402319","display_name":"Research Portal (Queen's University Belfast)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I126231945","host_organization_name":"Queen's University Belfast","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I126231945"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Warner, J 1991, 'A Note on the Literal Intelligence of Computers and Documents', Journal of Documentation, vol. 47, pp. 167-190.","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.800000011920929}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":63,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W230484034","https://openalex.org/W390263324","https://openalex.org/W578943177","https://openalex.org/W587116253","https://openalex.org/W588123130","https://openalex.org/W611866178","https://openalex.org/W617826792","https://openalex.org/W842713996","https://openalex.org/W1506567652","https://openalex.org/W1534866207","https://openalex.org/W1541431938","https://openalex.org/W1551715217","https://openalex.org/W1563590311","https://openalex.org/W1829518246","https://openalex.org/W1949486365","https://openalex.org/W1969787028","https://openalex.org/W1974081983","https://openalex.org/W1979759970","https://openalex.org/W1987605311","https://openalex.org/W1990474964","https://openalex.org/W1995164276","https://openalex.org/W1997704656","https://openalex.org/W2003516011","https://openalex.org/W2013109099","https://openalex.org/W2018203936","https://openalex.org/W2019132156","https://openalex.org/W2020829707","https://openalex.org/W2027202099","https://openalex.org/W2029040099","https://openalex.org/W2030099057","https://openalex.org/W2031562375","https://openalex.org/W2049834379","https://openalex.org/W2050028606","https://openalex.org/W2051650423","https://openalex.org/W2057875289","https://openalex.org/W2075662644","https://openalex.org/W2080280205","https://openalex.org/W2093585241","https://openalex.org/W2099625714","https://openalex.org/W2107192009","https://openalex.org/W2123284332","https://openalex.org/W2126160338","https://openalex.org/W2145482038","https://openalex.org/W2251410821","https://openalex.org/W2323777246","https://openalex.org/W2486886792","https://openalex.org/W2533219281","https://openalex.org/W2606722307","https://openalex.org/W2753533763","https://openalex.org/W2958814800","https://openalex.org/W2993383518","https://openalex.org/W3119625430","https://openalex.org/W3138278010","https://openalex.org/W4229781645","https://openalex.org/W4231618482","https://openalex.org/W4235240131","https://openalex.org/W4255721438","https://openalex.org/W4286761270","https://openalex.org/W4299390496","https://openalex.org/W4302370121","https://openalex.org/W4322499406","https://openalex.org/W4388314152","https://openalex.org/W4399220904"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2485218895","https://openalex.org/W4245603863","https://openalex.org/W2067332667","https://openalex.org/W3214826749","https://openalex.org/W3151429644","https://openalex.org/W4302307487","https://openalex.org/W2035585234","https://openalex.org/W2972573190","https://openalex.org/W2005894387","https://openalex.org/W1856471109"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Speculations":[0],"on":[1,101],"the":[2,21,38,49,52,70,94,108,113,143,148,164,169,208,224],"possibility":[3],"of":[4,24,41,77,97,110,115,140,166,190,210,219,223],"computers":[5,63,211],"displaying":[6],"intelligence":[7,23,42,96,109,216],"are":[8,124,204],"usually":[9],"traced":[10],"to":[11,105,126,196,214],"Turing's":[12],"1950":[13],"paper,":[14],"\u2018Computing":[15],"machinery":[16],"and":[17,51,68,119,154,198,212],"intelligence\u2019.":[18],"Claims":[19],"for":[20,72,93,107,172],"literal":[22,95,215],"an":[25,127],"appropriately":[26],"programmed":[27],"computer":[28,50,99],"were":[29],"publicly":[30],"refuted":[31],"by":[32,142],"Searle":[33],"in":[34,151,177,186],"1980.":[35],"Optimism":[36],"about":[37],"adequate":[39],"simulation":[40],"is":[43,133,175,217],"now":[44],"further":[45],"diminished.":[46],"Analogies":[47],"between":[48,207],"brain":[53],"or":[54],"mind":[55],"have":[56],"persisted.":[57],"A":[58,157],"contrasting":[59],"perspective":[60,85],"which":[61],"links":[62],"with":[64],"documents":[65,213],"through":[66,69],"writing":[67],"faculty":[71],"constructing":[73],"socially":[74],"shared":[75],"systems":[76],"signs":[78],"has":[79],"also":[80],"been":[81],"developed.":[82],"From":[83],"this":[84],"it":[86],"can":[87,162],"be":[88,184],"shown":[89],"that":[90,121,130,159,202],"(i)":[91],"claims":[92,106,123,209],"a":[98,102,111,137,191,220],"rest":[100],"similar":[103],"basis":[104],"document,":[112],"production":[114],"depersonalised":[116],"linguistic":[117,131],"output,":[118],"(ii)":[120],"such":[122],"subject":[125],"identical":[128],"objection,":[129],"output":[132],"made":[134],"available":[135],"without":[136,168],"prior":[138],"act":[139],"comprehension":[141],"artefact.":[144],"This":[145],"paper":[146],"places":[147],"Turing":[149],"test":[150],"its":[152,187],"intellectual":[153],"historical":[155,188],"context.":[156],"claim":[158],"written":[160,199],"words":[161],"give":[163],"appearance":[165],"intelligence,":[167],"human":[170],"capacity":[171],"dialectic":[173],"response,":[174],"found":[176],"Plato's":[178],"Phaedrus":[179],".":[180],"This,":[181],"too,":[182],"must":[183],"placed":[185],"context":[189],"transition":[192],"from":[193],"predominantly":[194],"oral":[195,197],"communication.":[200],"Demonstrating":[201],"there":[203],"extensive":[205],"similarities":[206],"part":[218],"progressive":[221],"demystification":[222],"computer.":[225]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}