{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2122875883","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/eb026657","title":"MACHINE TRANSLATION AND MACHINE\u2010AIDED TRANSLATION","display_name":"MACHINE TRANSLATION AND MACHINE\u2010AIDED TRANSLATION","publication_year":1978,"publication_date":"1978-02-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2122875883","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/eb026657","mag":"2122875883"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1108/eb026657","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/eb026657","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10082577","display_name":"Journal of Documentation","issn_l":"0022-0418","issn":["0022-0418","1758-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Documentation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043744580","display_name":"W. John Hutchins","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1118541","display_name":"University of East Anglia","ror":"https://ror.org/026k5mg93","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1118541"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"W.J. HUTCHINS","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Library, University of East Anglia, Norwich","(The Library, University of East Anglia, Norwich)"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Library, University of East Anglia, Norwich","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1118541"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"(The Library, University of East Anglia, Norwich)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1118541"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5043744580"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1118541"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.7424,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":51,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9606067,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"2","first_page":"119","last_page":"159"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13382","display_name":"Robotics and Automated Systems","score":0.9621999859809875,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13382","display_name":"Robotics and Automated Systems","score":0.9621999859809875,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10215","display_name":"Semantic Web and Ontologies","score":0.9520000219345093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation","display_name":"Machine translation","score":0.8367608785629272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6967898607254028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sketch","display_name":"Sketch","score":0.6160207986831665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/section","display_name":"Section (typography)","score":0.5527809262275696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5400524735450745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-translation-software-usability","display_name":"Machine translation software usability","score":0.49262315034866333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/action","display_name":"Action (physics)","score":0.46422478556632996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rule-based-machine-translation","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","score":0.45553115010261536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/commission","display_name":"Commission","score":0.4412485659122467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plan","display_name":"Plan (archaeology)","score":0.42846786975860596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/example-based-machine-translation","display_name":"Example-based machine translation","score":0.4165901243686676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/field","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","score":0.4141852855682373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3241487145423889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.1514338254928589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.11307606101036072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.10899469256401062}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203005215","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79798","display_name":"Machine translation","level":2,"score":0.8367608785629272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6967898607254028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779231336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7534724","display_name":"Sketch","level":2,"score":0.6160207986831665},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780129039","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1931107","display_name":"Section (typography)","level":2,"score":0.5527809262275696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5400524735450745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148526163","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6723733","display_name":"Machine translation software usability","level":4,"score":0.49262315034866333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.46422478556632996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53893814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7378909","display_name":"Rule-based machine translation","level":2,"score":0.45553115010261536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776034101","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1509347","display_name":"Commission","level":2,"score":0.4412485659122467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776505523","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4785468","display_name":"Plan (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.42846786975860596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24687705","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3753284","display_name":"Example-based machine translation","level":3,"score":0.4165901243686676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9652623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190109","display_name":"Field (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4141852855682373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3241487145423889},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.1514338254928589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.11307606101036072},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.10899469256401062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202444582","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q837863","display_name":"Pure mathematics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1108/eb026657","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/eb026657","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S10082577","display_name":"Journal of Documentation","issn_l":"0022-0418","issn":["0022-0418","1758-7379"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Documentation","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":72,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W191522596","https://openalex.org/W357218746","https://openalex.org/W387745381","https://openalex.org/W561639170","https://openalex.org/W595255754","https://openalex.org/W607084516","https://openalex.org/W635017304","https://openalex.org/W1480475894","https://openalex.org/W1484449596","https://openalex.org/W1493530513","https://openalex.org/W1499228415","https://openalex.org/W1539432109","https://openalex.org/W1546988639","https://openalex.org/W1558745829","https://openalex.org/W1560213382","https://openalex.org/W1591269167","https://openalex.org/W1594612414","https://openalex.org/W1599964460","https://openalex.org/W1608789752","https://openalex.org/W1964922004","https://openalex.org/W1973394465","https://openalex.org/W1973700215","https://openalex.org/W1975136845","https://openalex.org/W1980115613","https://openalex.org/W1983773952","https://openalex.org/W1989029424","https://openalex.org/W1989297115","https://openalex.org/W1990119870","https://openalex.org/W1993891957","https://openalex.org/W2002731617","https://openalex.org/W2003200902","https://openalex.org/W2005814556","https://openalex.org/W2007977220","https://openalex.org/W2008875494","https://openalex.org/W2008951481","https://openalex.org/W2014878055","https://openalex.org/W2020152611","https://openalex.org/W2023755086","https://openalex.org/W2026070710","https://openalex.org/W2026087380","https://openalex.org/W2035032881","https://openalex.org/W2038155427","https://openalex.org/W2042037145","https://openalex.org/W2045605119","https://openalex.org/W2075560685","https://openalex.org/W2089616683","https://openalex.org/W2095308819","https://openalex.org/W2103673374","https://openalex.org/W2130635673","https://openalex.org/W2132567552","https://openalex.org/W2132846241","https://openalex.org/W2135686869","https://openalex.org/W2170716495","https://openalex.org/W2181592357","https://openalex.org/W2326888500","https://openalex.org/W2326898437","https://openalex.org/W2554196333","https://openalex.org/W2620852675","https://openalex.org/W3005278268","https://openalex.org/W3021292343","https://openalex.org/W3036961054","https://openalex.org/W3088570072","https://openalex.org/W3088954170","https://openalex.org/W3138861206","https://openalex.org/W3196892397","https://openalex.org/W4213114223","https://openalex.org/W4232225938","https://openalex.org/W4235612656","https://openalex.org/W4246935814","https://openalex.org/W4249159365","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4399284935"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2566847733","https://openalex.org/W2122287718","https://openalex.org/W3204448004","https://openalex.org/W2587602790","https://openalex.org/W2740094425","https://openalex.org/W193726211","https://openalex.org/W2010336863","https://openalex.org/W3036784334","https://openalex.org/W3214198970","https://openalex.org/W1965582084"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,121],"recent":[1,86,165],"report":[2],"for":[3,108],"the":[4,7,15,23,27,47,94,148],"Commission":[5,48],"of":[6,17,45,72,93,97,123,132,147,164,173,189],"European":[8],"Communities":[9],"on":[10,26,34,67],"current":[11],"multilingual":[12],"activities":[13,134],"in":[14,42,74,85],"field":[16],"scientific":[18,98],"and":[19,22,36,41,62,151,159,177,192],"technical":[20],"information":[21],"1977":[24],"conference":[25],"same":[28],"theme":[29],"both":[30],"included":[31],"substantial":[32],"sections":[33],"operational":[35,55,158],"experimental":[37,160],"machine":[38,56,68,75,111,161],"translation":[39,57,76,162,179],"systems,":[40],"its":[43,50,60],"Plan":[44],"action":[46],"announced":[49],"intention":[51],"to":[52,63,88,127,139],"introduce":[53],"an":[54],"system":[58],"into":[59],"departments":[61],"support":[64],"research":[65],"projects":[66],"translation.":[69],"This":[70],"revival":[71],"interest":[73],"may":[77,136],"well":[78],"have":[79,83],"surprised":[80],"many":[81],"who":[82],"tended":[84],"years":[87,166],"dismiss":[89],"it":[90,115,156,169,183],"as":[91],"one":[92],"\u2018great":[95],"failures\u2019":[96],"research.":[99],"What":[100,103],"has":[101],"changed?":[102],"grounds":[104],"are":[105],"there":[106],"now":[107],"optimism":[109],"about":[110],"translation?":[112],"Or":[113],"is":[114,126],"still":[116],"a":[117,129,145,186],"\u2018utopian":[118],"dream\u2019":[119],"?":[120],"aim":[122],"this":[124],"review":[125],"give":[128],"general":[130,152,187],"picture":[131],"present":[133,190],"which":[135],"help":[137],"readers":[138],"reach":[140],"their":[141],"own":[142],"conclusions.":[143],"After":[144],"sketch":[146],"historical":[149],"background":[150],"aims":[153],"(section":[154,167,180],"I),":[155],"describes":[157],"systems":[163,176],"II),":[168],"continues":[170],"with":[171,185],"descriptions":[172],"interactive":[174],"(man\u2010machine)":[175],"machine\u2010assisted":[178],"III),":[181],"(and":[182],"concludes":[184],"survey":[188],"problems":[191],"future":[193],"possibilities":[194],"section":[195],"IV).":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}