{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389780773","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ajim-04-2023-0120","title":"Measuring digital literacy with eye tracking: an examination of skills and performance based on user gaze","display_name":"Measuring digital literacy with eye tracking: an examination of skills and performance based on user gaze","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-12-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389780773","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ajim-04-2023-0120"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1108/ajim-04-2023-0120","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ajim-04-2023-0120","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210181081","display_name":"Aslib Journal of Information Management","issn_l":"2050-3806","issn":["2050-3806","2050-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Aslib Journal of Information Management","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074266289","display_name":"Nili Steinfeld","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7857-6059"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Nili Steinfeld","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014471830","display_name":"Azi Lev\u2010On","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0248-9802"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Azi Lev-On","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0248-9802","affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057109192","display_name":"Hama Abu-Kishk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4260-4481"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hama Abu-Kishk","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074266289"],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9405,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81298849,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"77","issue":"2","first_page":"373","last_page":"390"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12060","display_name":"Child Development and Digital Technology","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12060","display_name":"Child Development and Digital Technology","score":0.9901000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3304","display_name":"Education"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10355","display_name":"Impact of Technology on Adolescents","score":0.979200005531311,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11977","display_name":"Technology Use by Older Adults","score":0.9682000279426575,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3317","display_name":"Demography"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/eye-tracking","display_name":"Eye tracking","score":0.6661736369132996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.6543938517570496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/originality","display_name":"Originality","score":0.642045259475708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.603489875793457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-internet","display_name":"The Internet","score":0.5657531023025513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/situational-ethics","display_name":"Situational ethics","score":0.5540512800216675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5466516613960266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.5168895721435547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-literacy","display_name":"Digital literacy","score":0.5037750601768494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/literacy","display_name":"Literacy","score":0.4388629198074341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-divide","display_name":"Digital divide","score":0.43672317266464233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-literacy","display_name":"Computer literacy","score":0.41032102704048157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.33770954608917236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.2714794874191284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.24530598521232605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.169260174036026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.140336811542511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedagogy","display_name":"Pedagogy","score":0.08763667941093445}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C56461940","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q970687","display_name":"Eye tracking","level":2,"score":0.6661736369132996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.6543938517570496},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776950860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914681","display_name":"Originality","level":3,"score":0.642045259475708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.603489875793457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110875604","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q75","display_name":"The Internet","level":2,"score":0.5657531023025513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9114305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1428317","display_name":"Situational ethics","level":2,"score":0.5540512800216675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5466516613960266},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.5168895721435547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777646416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q242069","display_name":"Digital literacy","level":2,"score":0.5037750601768494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C547764534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8236","display_name":"Literacy","level":2,"score":0.4388629198074341},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173655357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q244752","display_name":"Digital divide","level":3,"score":0.43672317266464233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192531217","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q595868","display_name":"Computer literacy","level":2,"score":0.41032102704048157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.33770954608917236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2714794874191284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.24530598521232605},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.169260174036026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.140336811542511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.08763667941093445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77805123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q161272","display_name":"Social psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11012388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170658","display_name":"Creativity","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1108/ajim-04-2023-0120","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/ajim-04-2023-0120","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4210181081","display_name":"Aslib Journal of Information Management","issn_l":"2050-3806","issn":["2050-3806","2050-3814"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Aslib Journal of Information Management","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8899999856948853}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":49,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W345479479","https://openalex.org/W401941822","https://openalex.org/W1557790403","https://openalex.org/W1964894031","https://openalex.org/W1966809963","https://openalex.org/W1970502738","https://openalex.org/W1984897464","https://openalex.org/W1993346673","https://openalex.org/W2011826874","https://openalex.org/W2024938173","https://openalex.org/W2034909568","https://openalex.org/W2039522453","https://openalex.org/W2054995508","https://openalex.org/W2093142944","https://openalex.org/W2094319535","https://openalex.org/W2102145433","https://openalex.org/W2114504156","https://openalex.org/W2121001699","https://openalex.org/W2137460892","https://openalex.org/W2141780493","https://openalex.org/W2149105672","https://openalex.org/W2156125155","https://openalex.org/W2159149111","https://openalex.org/W2161655480","https://openalex.org/W2168637053","https://openalex.org/W2481293273","https://openalex.org/W2512379962","https://openalex.org/W2584254333","https://openalex.org/W2604576455","https://openalex.org/W2612125261","https://openalex.org/W2721185106","https://openalex.org/W2737501114","https://openalex.org/W2790338002","https://openalex.org/W2894935498","https://openalex.org/W2954077243","https://openalex.org/W2966325971","https://openalex.org/W2970864903","https://openalex.org/W3004237587","https://openalex.org/W3012429769","https://openalex.org/W3080829670","https://openalex.org/W3081870017","https://openalex.org/W3095614462","https://openalex.org/W3113803706","https://openalex.org/W3116403586","https://openalex.org/W3157348877","https://openalex.org/W3195618163","https://openalex.org/W3215923938","https://openalex.org/W4253061093","https://openalex.org/W4307377978"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2161294397","https://openalex.org/W2012644758","https://openalex.org/W2047559669","https://openalex.org/W1981774361","https://openalex.org/W2148469515","https://openalex.org/W3110021006","https://openalex.org/W4391470215","https://openalex.org/W3022627635","https://openalex.org/W2548073773","https://openalex.org/W4388575468"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Purpose":[0],"This":[1,154],"study":[2,54,95],"presents":[3],"an":[4,52],"innovative":[5],"approach":[6],"to":[7,161,169],"analyzing":[8],"user":[9,23],"behavior":[10],"when":[11],"performing":[12],"digital":[13,60,147,163],"tasks":[14],"by":[15],"integrating":[16],"eye-tracking":[17],"technology.":[18],"Through":[19],"the":[20,32,49,59,91,124,144,171,175],"measurement":[21],"of":[22,42,62,76,146,173],"scan":[24],"patterns,":[25],"gaze":[26],"and":[27,40,88,107,165],"attention":[28],"during":[29],"task":[30],"completion,":[31],"authors":[33,50],"gain":[34],"valuable":[35],"insights":[36],"into":[37],"users'":[38],"approaches":[39],"execution":[41],"these":[43,182],"tasks.":[44],"Design/methodology/approach":[45],"In":[46,135],"this":[47],"research,":[48],"conducted":[51,142],"observational":[53],"that":[55],"centered":[56],"on":[57,143],"assessing":[58],"skills":[61],"individuals":[63],"with":[64,81],"limited":[65],"proficiency":[66],"who":[67],"enrolled":[68],"in":[69,101,105,112,184],"a":[70,98,157],"computer":[71],"introductory":[72],"course.":[73,92],"A":[74],"group":[75],"19":[77],"participants":[78],"were":[79],"tasked":[80],"completing":[82,90],"various":[83],"online":[84],"assignments":[85],"both":[86],"before":[87],"after":[89],"Findings":[93],"The":[94],"findings":[96],"indicate":[97],"significant":[99,151],"improvement":[100],"participants'":[102],"skills,":[103],"particularly":[104],"basic":[106],"straightforward":[108],"applications.":[109],"However,":[110],"advancements":[111],"more":[113],"sophisticated":[114],"utilization,":[115],"such":[116],"as":[117],"mastering":[118],"efficient":[119],"search":[120],"techniques":[121],"or":[122],"harnessing":[123],"Internet":[125],"for":[126],"enhanced":[127],"situational":[128],"awareness,":[129],"demonstrate":[130],"only":[131],"marginal":[132],"enhancement.":[133],"Originality/value":[134],"recent":[136],"decades,":[137],"extensive":[138],"research":[139],"has":[140],"been":[141],"issue":[145],"inequality,":[148],"given":[149],"its":[150],"societal":[152],"implications.":[153],"paper":[155],"introduces":[156],"novel":[158],"tool":[159],"designed":[160],"analyze":[162],"inequalities":[164],"subsequently":[166],"employs":[167],"it":[168],"evaluate":[170],"effectiveness":[172],"\u201cLEHAVA,\u201d":[174],"largest":[176],"government-sponsored":[177],"program":[178],"aimed":[179],"at":[180],"mitigating":[181],"disparities":[183],"Israel.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}