{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2065865331","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/14779960710837623","title":"Manipulating search engine algorithms: the case of Google","display_name":"Manipulating search engine algorithms: the case of Google","publication_year":2007,"publication_date":"2007-10-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2065865331","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/14779960710837623","mag":"2065865331"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1108/14779960710837623","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/14779960710837623","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S102320310","display_name":"Journal of Information Communication and Ethics in Society","issn_l":"1477-996X","issn":["1477-996X","1758-8871"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001893735","display_name":"Judit Bar\u2010Ilan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8796-5248"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I13955877","display_name":"Bar-Ilan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03kgsv495","country_code":"IL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I13955877"]}],"countries":["IL"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Judit Bar\u2010Ilan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Science, Bar\u2010Ilan University, Israel"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Science, Bar\u2010Ilan University, Israel","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13955877"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5001893735"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I13955877"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.8287,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":24,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.8448164,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"5","issue":"2/3","first_page":"155","last_page":"166"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12016","display_name":"Web Data Mining and Analysis","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12016","display_name":"Web Data Mining and Analysis","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13976","display_name":"Web visibility and informetrics","score":0.9884999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11147","display_name":"Misinformation and Its Impacts","score":0.9837999939918518,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-retrieval","display_name":"Information retrieval","score":0.7720727920532227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-engine","display_name":"Search engine","score":0.7686409950256348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ranking","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","score":0.7677161693572998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pagerank","display_name":"PageRank","score":0.7562026977539062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.745217502117157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-engine-optimization","display_name":"Search engine optimization","score":0.6774458885192871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spamdexing","display_name":"Spamdexing","score":0.6555774211883545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-search-engine","display_name":"Web search engine","score":0.6099820733070374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hypertext","display_name":"Hypertext","score":0.5854717493057251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.5432814359664917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/search-analytics","display_name":"Search analytics","score":0.5067179799079895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/metasearch-engine","display_name":"Metasearch engine","score":0.4954301118850708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/learning-to-rank","display_name":"Learning to rank","score":0.4754316806793213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rank","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","score":0.4726504385471344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/backlink","display_name":"Backlink","score":0.47201603651046753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hyperlink","display_name":"Hyperlink","score":0.44807177782058716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-search-query","display_name":"Web search query","score":0.4138743281364441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-page","display_name":"Web page","score":0.38251441717147827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/static-web-page","display_name":"Static web page","score":0.15297070145606995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-navigation","display_name":"Web navigation","score":0.10455629229545593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.08214548230171204}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.7720727920532227},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97854310","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19541","display_name":"Search engine","level":2,"score":0.7686409950256348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189430467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293293","display_name":"Ranking (information retrieval)","level":2,"score":0.7677161693572998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779172887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184316","display_name":"PageRank","level":2,"score":0.7562026977539062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.745217502117157},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178218473","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q180711","display_name":"Search engine optimization","level":3,"score":0.6774458885192871},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13565553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q804206","display_name":"Spamdexing","level":5,"score":0.6555774211883545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C521815418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4182287","display_name":"Web search engine","level":4,"score":0.6099820733070374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162215914","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q93241","display_name":"Hypertext","level":2,"score":0.5854717493057251},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.5432814359664917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14838553","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7441639","display_name":"Search analytics","level":4,"score":0.5067179799079895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173979980","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q114106","display_name":"Metasearch engine","level":4,"score":0.4954301118850708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86037889","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4330127","display_name":"Learning to rank","level":3,"score":0.4754316806793213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164226766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7293202","display_name":"Rank (graph theory)","level":2,"score":0.4726504385471344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71325787","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q373952","display_name":"Backlink","level":5,"score":0.47201603651046753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C30088001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102014","display_name":"Hyperlink","level":3,"score":0.44807177782058716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164120249","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q995982","display_name":"Web search query","level":3,"score":0.4138743281364441},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21959979","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36774","display_name":"Web page","level":2,"score":0.38251441717147827},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173576120","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2641220","display_name":"Static web page","level":4,"score":0.15297070145606995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61096286","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7978592","display_name":"Web navigation","level":3,"score":0.10455629229545593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.08214548230171204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1108/14779960710837623","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/14779960710837623","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S102320310","display_name":"Journal of Information Communication and Ethics in Society","issn_l":"1477-996X","issn":["1477-996X","1758-8871"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1533748861","https://openalex.org/W1660390307","https://openalex.org/W2010164553","https://openalex.org/W2010684265","https://openalex.org/W2011111873","https://openalex.org/W2026417691","https://openalex.org/W2028406909","https://openalex.org/W2061312249","https://openalex.org/W2066636486","https://openalex.org/W2080676333","https://openalex.org/W2094930182","https://openalex.org/W2100047082","https://openalex.org/W2125969310","https://openalex.org/W2147164982","https://openalex.org/W2797768309","https://openalex.org/W4252286918"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2223855511","https://openalex.org/W2185312392","https://openalex.org/W2419328283","https://openalex.org/W2187685684","https://openalex.org/W68327059","https://openalex.org/W2170926227","https://openalex.org/W2245244370","https://openalex.org/W2132107051","https://openalex.org/W2106235201","https://openalex.org/W2964491004"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Purpose":[0],"To":[1],"investigate":[2],"how":[3,131],"search":[4,11,101,112,181,205,233],"engine":[5,206],"users":[6,139,202],"manipulate":[7,180],"the":[8,23,29,35,41,49,53,60,70,73,100,109,118,128,175,198,211,214,223,230],"rankings":[9],"of":[10,28,37,52,67,117,121,138,158,169,186,213,225,232],"results.":[12,182],"Search":[13],"engines":[14],"employ":[15],"different":[16],"ranking":[17,30,61,123],"methods":[18,31],"in":[19,59,197],"order":[20],"to":[21,40,85,89,140,160,179,216],"display":[22],"\u201cbest\u201d":[24],"results":[25],"first.":[26],"One":[27],"is":[32,56,97,105,125,134,152,163,177],"PageRank,":[33,115],"where":[34,69],"number":[36,66],"links":[38,84],"pointing":[39],"page":[42,145],"influences":[43],"its":[44],"rank.":[45],"The":[46],"\u201canchor":[47],"text,\u201d":[48],"clickable":[50],"text":[51],"hypertext":[54],"link":[55],"another":[57],"\u201cingredient\u201d":[58],"method.":[62],"There":[63],"are":[64],"a":[65,78,142,147],"cases":[68],"public":[71,176],"challenged":[72],"Google's":[74,122,218],"ranking,":[75],"by":[76,107,136],"creating":[77,83],"so\u2010called":[79],"\u201cGoogle":[80,154],"bomb\u201d":[81],"\u2013":[82],"pages":[86],"they":[87],"wanted":[88],"be":[90],"highly":[91,195],"ranked":[92],"for":[93,146,204],"given":[94],"query.":[95,149],"Google":[96,159,171],"chosen":[98],"as":[99],"engine,":[102],"because":[103],"it":[104],"currently":[106],"far":[108],"most":[110],"popular":[111],"engine.":[113],"Design/methodology/approach":[114],"one":[116],"major":[119],"parameters":[120],"algorithm":[124,133],"described,":[126],"and":[127,227],"author":[129],"explains":[130],"this":[132,161],"exploited":[135],"communities":[137],"promote":[141],"certain":[143],"web":[144,199],"specific":[148],"This":[150,220],"process":[151],"called":[153],"bombing.\u201d":[155],"Recent":[156],"reaction":[157],"phenomenon":[162],"also":[164],"described.":[165],"Findings":[166],"Specific":[167],"examples":[168],"\u201caccomplished":[170],"bombs\u201d":[172],"show":[173],"that":[174],"able":[178],"Originality/value":[183],"Google,":[184],"instead":[185],"being":[187],"an":[188],"unobtrusive":[189],"information":[190],"retrieval":[191],"tool":[192],"has":[193],"become":[194],"influential":[196],"scenery.":[200],"Some":[201],"pay":[203],"optimization,":[207],"while":[208],"others":[209],"utilize":[210],"power":[212,231],"crowd":[215],"influence":[217],"rankings.":[219],"paper":[221],"supports":[222],"claims":[224],"Introna":[226],"Nissenbaum":[228],"regarding":[229],"engines.":[234]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}