{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2129387234","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/07378831211285077","title":"A personal history of digital libraries","display_name":"A personal history of digital libraries","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-11-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2129387234","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/07378831211285077","mag":"2129387234"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1108/07378831211285077","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/07378831211285077","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S143568823","display_name":"Library Hi Tech","issn_l":"0737-8831","issn":["0737-8831","2054-166X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Library Hi Tech","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019998093","display_name":"Michael Lesk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3709-375X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I102322142","display_name":"Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey","ror":"https://ror.org/05vt9qd57","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Michael Lesk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Library and Information Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA","Department of Library and Information Science; Rutgers University; New Brunswick New Jersey USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Library and Information Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Library and Information Science; Rutgers University; New Brunswick New Jersey USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019998093"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I102322142"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.939,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92744623,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"4","first_page":"592","last_page":"603"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11813","display_name":"Library Collection Development and Digital Resources","score":0.9789999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11813","display_name":"Library Collection Development and Digital Resources","score":0.9789999723434448,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11937","display_name":"Research Data Management Practices","score":0.9739000201225281,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12016","display_name":"Web Data Mining and Analysis","score":0.9631999731063843,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/originality","display_name":"Originality","score":0.6988680362701416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reading","display_name":"Reading (process)","score":0.6392756700515747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-library","display_name":"Digital library","score":0.5855381488800049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/function","display_name":"Function (biology)","score":0.5852972269058228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5818507671356201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-transformation","display_name":"Digital transformation","score":0.573702871799469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/entertainment","display_name":"Entertainment","score":0.519550621509552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dominance","display_name":"Dominance (genetics)","score":0.5097367167472839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.49333205819129944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","score":0.4919266700744629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.4677790403366089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digitization","display_name":"Digitization","score":0.41256898641586304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-science","display_name":"Data science","score":0.36825814843177795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.22919538617134094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.19780617952346802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.18634262681007385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/creativity","display_name":"Creativity","score":0.17244085669517517}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776950860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914681","display_name":"Originality","level":3,"score":0.6988680362701416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554936623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199657","display_name":"Reading (process)","level":2,"score":0.6392756700515747},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513874922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212805","display_name":"Digital library","level":3,"score":0.5855381488800049},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5852972269058228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5818507671356201},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126082660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4252370","display_name":"Digital transformation","level":2,"score":0.573702871799469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C512170562","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q173799","display_name":"Entertainment","level":2,"score":0.519550621509552},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151913843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454555","display_name":"Dominance (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.5097367167472839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.49333205819129944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.4919266700744629},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.4677790403366089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779308522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q843958","display_name":"Digitization","level":2,"score":0.41256898641586304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2522767166","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2374463","display_name":"Data science","level":1,"score":0.36825814843177795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.22919538617134094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.19780617952346802},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.18634262681007385},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11012388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170658","display_name":"Creativity","level":2,"score":0.17244085669517517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78458016","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q840400","display_name":"Evolutionary biology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164913051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q482","display_name":"Poetry","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1108/07378831211285077","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/07378831211285077","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S143568823","display_name":"Library Hi Tech","issn_l":"0737-8831","issn":["0737-8831","2054-166X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Library Hi Tech","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:CiteSeerX.psu:10.1.1.739.7762","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.739.7762","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"http://comminfo.rutgers.edu/%7Etefko/Courses/e553/Readings/Lesk%20DL%20history%20libr%20Hi%20Tech%202012.pdf","raw_type":"text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7599999904632568,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W110443600","https://openalex.org/W1495821370","https://openalex.org/W1540815740","https://openalex.org/W1979126145","https://openalex.org/W1988865622","https://openalex.org/W2016860460","https://openalex.org/W2045313021","https://openalex.org/W2050728417","https://openalex.org/W2063308257","https://openalex.org/W2070346932","https://openalex.org/W2088750104","https://openalex.org/W2095303346","https://openalex.org/W2111563518","https://openalex.org/W2154943883","https://openalex.org/W2286205751","https://openalex.org/W2476960546","https://openalex.org/W4214836368","https://openalex.org/W6602304350","https://openalex.org/W6637623960"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4251369848","https://openalex.org/W2746392713","https://openalex.org/W2163748916","https://openalex.org/W3175064345","https://openalex.org/W4385509036","https://openalex.org/W3167700301","https://openalex.org/W2002966468","https://openalex.org/W2368778223","https://openalex.org/W2362524988","https://openalex.org/W2384925428"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Purpose":[0],"This":[1],"paper":[2],"aims":[3],"to":[4,27,115,147,150],"present":[5],"a":[6,103,148,175,206],"personal":[7],"view":[8],"of":[9,12,20,30,120,125,158,177,201,209,241,252,275],"the":[10,17,28,117,156,166,250,272],"development":[11,200],"digital":[13,42,104,202],"libraries,":[14],"starting":[15],"with":[16,90,143,185],"original":[18],"vision":[19,274],"1945":[21,276],"and":[22,33,52,71,127,181,191,226,245,280,287],"describing":[23],"how":[24,288],"it":[25,36,161,266],"came":[26],"dominance":[29],"online":[31],"searching":[32,126],"reading":[34,128],"that":[35,165,270],"has":[37,129,204],"today.":[38],"Design/methodology/approach":[39],"Progress":[40],"in":[41,46,68,134,137,155,249,278,284,294],"libraries":[43,86,192,203],"is":[44,277],"described":[45],"four":[47],"areas:":[48],"technical,":[49],"economic,":[50],"legal":[51,93],"social":[53],"issues.":[54],"Originally":[55],"technological":[56],"obstacles":[57,94],"were":[58,215,222],"dominant,":[59],"but":[60],"they":[61,256,289],"have":[62,75,173,196],"generally":[63],"been":[64,130,174,205],"overcome":[65],"by":[66,189],"progress":[67,188,296],"computers,":[69],"networks,":[70],"algorithms.":[72],"Economic":[73],"issues":[74,112],"also":[76],"faded,":[77],"although":[78],"\u201copen":[79],"access\u201d":[80],"questions":[81],"still":[82,248],"bedevil":[83],"us.":[84],"Surprisingly,":[85],"are":[87,113,212,247,290],"now":[88,169],"faced":[89],"more":[91],"serious":[92],"than":[95,193],"first":[96],"expected;":[97],"no":[98],"one":[99,194],"today":[100],"can":[101,162,267],"start":[102],"library":[105,149],"effort":[106],"without":[107],"thinking":[108],"about":[109],"copyright.":[110],"Social":[111],"likely":[114],"be":[116,163,268,298],"next":[118],"set":[119],"challenges.":[121],"Findings":[122],"The":[123,199,239],"transformation":[124],"almost":[131],"complete.":[132],"Scholars":[133],"scientific":[135],"disciplines,":[136],"particular,":[138],"often":[139],"function":[140],"quite":[141],"well":[142],"only":[144],"rare":[145],"visits":[146],"read":[151],"physical":[152],"books.":[153],"Even":[154],"area":[157],"entertainment":[159],"reading,":[160],"seen":[164,269],"e\u2010reader":[167],"devices":[168],"dominating.":[170],"These":[171],"results":[172,180],"combination":[176],"new":[178,182,261],"research":[179],"commercial":[183],"activities,":[184],"perhaps":[186],"less":[187],"publishers":[190],"might":[195],"hoped.":[197],"Originality/value":[198],"complex":[207,285],"mixture":[208],"change:":[210],"there":[211],"ideas":[213,228],"which":[214,233],"invented":[216],"long":[217],"before":[218],"users":[219],"or":[220,259,292],"companies":[221],"ready":[223],"for":[224],"them,":[225],"other":[227,281],"(such":[229],"as":[230,255],"search":[231],"engines)":[232],"appeared":[234],"suddenly":[235],"when":[236],"opportunities":[237],"arose.":[238],"complexities":[240],"technology,":[242],"economics,":[243],"law":[244],"society":[246],"process":[251],"being":[253],"understood":[254],"either":[257],"enable":[258],"block":[260],"services.":[262],"However,":[263],"looking":[264],"back,":[265],"essentially":[271],"entire":[273],"sight":[279],"large":[282],"improvements":[283],"systems":[286],"helped":[291],"impeded":[293],"their":[295],"may":[297],"learned":[299],"from":[300],"this":[301],"story.":[302]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}