{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2041252543","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/07378831211285068","title":"The 1990s: the formative years of digital libraries","display_name":"The 1990s: the formative years of digital libraries","publication_year":2012,"publication_date":"2012-11-16","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2041252543","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1108/07378831211285068","mag":"2041252543"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1108/07378831211285068","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/07378831211285068","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S143568823","display_name":"Library Hi Tech","issn_l":"0737-8831","issn":["0737-8831","2054-166X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Library Hi Tech","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040527582","display_name":"William Y. Arms","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","display_name":"Cornell University","ror":"https://ror.org/05bnh6r87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"William Y. Arms","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Computing and Information Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA","(Faculty of Computing and Information Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Computing and Information Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"(Faculty of Computing and Information Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA)","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5040527582"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":8.8178,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":39,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97346727,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":"4","first_page":"579","last_page":"591"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12016","display_name":"Web Data Mining and Analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12016","display_name":"Web Data Mining and Analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11478","display_name":"Caching and Content Delivery","score":0.993399977684021,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10742","display_name":"Peer-to-Peer Network Technologies","score":0.9916999936103821,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1705","display_name":"Computer Networks and Communications"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/originality","display_name":"Originality","score":0.7737986445426941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/formative-assessment","display_name":"Formative assessment","score":0.7052643299102783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.650344967842102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal","display_name":"Principal (computer security)","score":0.6427782773971558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/creativity","display_name":"Creativity","score":0.6321007609367371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/value","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","score":0.6294316649436951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/digital-library","display_name":"Digital library","score":0.6085560917854309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/point","display_name":"Point (geometry)","score":0.5377642512321472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4885440766811371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.47736167907714844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.35951849818229675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/library-science","display_name":"Library science","score":0.32977843284606934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history","display_name":"History","score":0.21477985382080078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.14098697900772095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.10533899068832397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.09676116704940796}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776950860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2914681","display_name":"Originality","level":3,"score":0.7737986445426941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42525527","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1209955","display_name":"Formative assessment","level":2,"score":0.7052643299102783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.650344967842102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144559511","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2986279","display_name":"Principal (computer security)","level":2,"score":0.6427782773971558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11012388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170658","display_name":"Creativity","level":2,"score":0.6321007609367371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776291640","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2912517","display_name":"Value (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.6294316649436951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513874922","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212805","display_name":"Digital library","level":3,"score":0.6085560917854309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28719098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44946","display_name":"Point (geometry)","level":2,"score":0.5377642512321472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4885440766811371},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.47736167907714844},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.35951849818229675},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161191863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655","display_name":"Library science","level":1,"score":0.32977843284606934},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.21477985382080078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.14098697900772095},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.10533899068832397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.09676116704940796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164913051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q482","display_name":"Poetry","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1108/07378831211285068","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1108/07378831211285068","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S143568823","display_name":"Library Hi Tech","issn_l":"0737-8831","issn":["0737-8831","2054-166X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310319811","host_organization_name":"Emerald Publishing Limited","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310319811"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Emerald Publishing Limited"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Library Hi Tech","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5600000023841858,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W189013435","https://openalex.org/W235629498","https://openalex.org/W1601349367","https://openalex.org/W1965690069","https://openalex.org/W1971946991","https://openalex.org/W1979126145","https://openalex.org/W1983785530","https://openalex.org/W1992454190","https://openalex.org/W1993571538","https://openalex.org/W1997422759","https://openalex.org/W2000624047","https://openalex.org/W2002662041","https://openalex.org/W2008326524","https://openalex.org/W2048715559","https://openalex.org/W2049961212","https://openalex.org/W2055883318","https://openalex.org/W2058819308","https://openalex.org/W2066636486","https://openalex.org/W2080571106","https://openalex.org/W2082589987","https://openalex.org/W2139533939","https://openalex.org/W2174595797"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4387497383","https://openalex.org/W3183948672","https://openalex.org/W3173606202","https://openalex.org/W3110381201","https://openalex.org/W2948807893","https://openalex.org/W2778153218","https://openalex.org/W2758277628","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W1531601525","https://openalex.org/W4230399884"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Purpose":[0],"This":[1],"article":[2],"aims":[3],"to":[4,66,72,150,183],"discuss":[5],"some":[6,108,119,152,188],"of":[7,47,82,93,102,109,133,153,160,166,173,189],"the":[8,14,17,34,39,48,91,98,110,128,134,141,154,167,171],"principal":[9],"digital":[10],"libraries":[11,92,172],"projects":[12,35,113,135,168],"during":[13],"1990s":[15],"and":[16,71,84,100,116,121,144,178],"impact":[18],"that":[19,164,169],"they":[20],"had":[21],"on":[22],"modern":[23],"libraries.":[24],"Design/methodology/approach":[25],"The":[26,51,77,105,158],"paper":[27,52,106,162],"combines":[28],"information":[29,186],"from":[30],"contemporary":[31,148],"papers":[32],"about":[33,55,187],"with":[36,45],"recollections":[37],"by":[38,97,127],"author":[40],"who":[41],"was":[42,79],"personally":[43],"associated":[44],"many":[46,165],"projects.":[49],"Findings":[50],"reveals":[53],"that,":[54],"1990,":[56],"computing":[57],"reached":[58],"a":[59,80],"point":[60],"where":[61],"it":[62,179],"became":[63],"economically":[64],"possible":[65],"mount":[67],"large":[68],"collections":[69],"online":[70],"access":[73],"them":[74],"over":[75],"networks.":[76],"result":[78],"flurry":[81],"experiments":[83,122],"prototypes.":[85],"Many":[86],"are":[87,146],"almost":[88],"forgotten,":[89],"yet":[90],"today":[94,174],"were":[95,136,175],"formed":[96,170],"energy":[99],"creativity":[101],"these":[103],"efforts.":[104],"places":[107],"most":[111],"influential":[112],"in":[114,140],"context":[115],"discusses":[117],"why":[118],"prototypes":[120],"succeeded":[123],"while":[124],"others":[125],"fell":[126],"wayside.":[129],"Research":[130],"limitations/implications":[131],"Several":[132],"never":[137],"described":[138],"formally":[139],"academic":[142],"literature,":[143],"there":[145],"no":[147],"records":[149],"check":[151],"author's":[155],"recollections.":[156],"Originality/value":[157],"value":[159],"this":[161],"is":[163,180],"poorly":[176],"documented":[177],"already":[181],"difficult":[182],"find":[184],"good":[185],"them.":[190]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":8}],"updated_date":"2026-06-02T09:04:35.204637","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
