{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7131108546","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/t2vy-32wr","title":"Unexpected Solidlike Fracture in Simple Liquids","display_name":"Unexpected Solidlike Fracture in Simple Liquids","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-02-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7131108546","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1103/t2vy-32wr","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41964996"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1103/t2vy-32wr","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/t2vy-32wr","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S24807848","display_name":"Physical Review Letters","issn_l":"0031-9007","issn":["0031-9007","1079-7114","1092-0145"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320261","host_organization_name":"American Physical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320261"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Physical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical Review Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Thamires A. Lima","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2330-8318"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72816309","display_name":"Drexel University","ror":"https://ror.org/04bdffz58","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thamires A. Lima","raw_affiliation_strings":["Drexel University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2330-8318","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Drexel University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Nicolas J. Alvarez","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0976-6542"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I72816309","display_name":"Drexel University","ror":"https://ror.org/04bdffz58","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicolas J. Alvarez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Drexel University"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0976-6542","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Drexel University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I72816309"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Stuart E. Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2785-1393"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101890","display_name":"ExxonMobil (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/017qypp02","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101890","https://openalex.org/I923382979"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stuart E. Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2785-1393","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101890"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Kazem V. Edmond","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6758-9110"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101890","display_name":"ExxonMobil (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/017qypp02","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101890","https://openalex.org/I923382979"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kazem V. Edmond","raw_affiliation_strings":["ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6758-9110","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101890"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Manesh Gopinadhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8452-6613"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101890","display_name":"ExxonMobil (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/017qypp02","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101890","https://openalex.org/I923382979"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manesh Gopinadhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8452-6613","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101890"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Emmanuel Ulysse","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210101890","display_name":"ExxonMobil (Germany)","ror":"https://ror.org/017qypp02","country_code":"DE","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210101890","https://openalex.org/I923382979"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Emmanuel Ulysse","raw_affiliation_strings":["ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ExxonMobil Technology and Engineering Company","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210101890"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3750,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3750},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.4789,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89068173,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"136","issue":"12","first_page":"124002","last_page":"124002"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13645","display_name":"Thermodynamic and Structural Properties of Metals and Alloys","score":0.0430000014603138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13645","display_name":"Thermodynamic and Structural Properties of Metals and Alloys","score":0.0430000014603138,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10474","display_name":"Material Dynamics and Properties","score":0.04089999943971634,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2505","display_name":"Materials Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12044","display_name":"Advanced Physical and Chemical Molecular Interactions","score":0.02290000021457672,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1606","display_name":"Physical and Theoretical Chemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/16","display_name":"Chemistry"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viscoelasticity","display_name":"Viscoelasticity","score":0.7404000163078308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fracture","display_name":"Fracture (geology)","score":0.5659000277519226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deformation","display_name":"Deformation (meteorology)","score":0.4562000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fracture-mechanics","display_name":"Fracture mechanics","score":0.4106000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modulus","display_name":"Modulus","score":0.3977999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shear","display_name":"Shear (geology)","score":0.39149999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/elasticity","display_name":"Elasticity (physics)","score":0.3898000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shear-modulus","display_name":"Shear modulus","score":0.37049999833106995}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186541917","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q910483","display_name":"Viscoelasticity","level":2,"score":0.7404000163078308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.7195000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43369102","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2307625","display_name":"Fracture (geology)","level":2,"score":0.5659000277519226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204366326","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3027650","display_name":"Deformation (meteorology)","level":2,"score":0.4562000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.41780000925064087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59085676","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q957852","display_name":"Fracture mechanics","level":2,"score":0.4106000065803528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C193867417","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6889814","display_name":"Modulus","level":2,"score":0.3977999985218048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96035792","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43606218","display_name":"Shear (geology)","level":2,"score":0.39149999618530273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121854251","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62932","display_name":"Elasticity (physics)","level":2,"score":0.3898000121116638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41279357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461466","display_name":"Shear modulus","level":2,"score":0.37049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43486711","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192005","display_name":"Elastic modulus","level":2,"score":0.3686999976634979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780586882","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520643","display_name":"Simple (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3686000108718872},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777207669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43648","display_name":"Hydrocarbon","level":2,"score":0.36010000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136137745","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q19515659","display_name":"Extensional definition","level":3,"score":0.3402000069618225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57879066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41217","display_name":"Mechanics","level":1,"score":0.3391000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.3163999915122986},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101082671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7520832","display_name":"Simple shear","level":3,"score":0.31200000643730164},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21036866","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181767","display_name":"Stress (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.28279998898506165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58396970","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q212749","display_name":"Cracking","level":2,"score":0.26820001006126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149912024","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q462188","display_name":"Creep","level":2,"score":0.2581000030040741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71351571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7935890","display_name":"Viscous liquid","level":2,"score":0.2574999928474426}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1103/t2vy-32wr","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1103/t2vy-32wr","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S24807848","display_name":"Physical Review Letters","issn_l":"0031-9007","issn":["0031-9007","1079-7114","1092-0145"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310320261","host_organization_name":"American Physical Society","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310320261"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["American Physical Society"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical Review Letters","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41964996","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41964996","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Physical review letters","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332434","display_name":"ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Company","ror":"https://ror.org/01xcepn55"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":46,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1974956983","https://openalex.org/W1987576086","https://openalex.org/W1992755218","https://openalex.org/W2013941944","https://openalex.org/W2020540968","https://openalex.org/W2023055432","https://openalex.org/W2023752107","https://openalex.org/W2029157893","https://openalex.org/W2038573895","https://openalex.org/W2041729618","https://openalex.org/W2043551340","https://openalex.org/W2046333823","https://openalex.org/W2056093071","https://openalex.org/W2060652855","https://openalex.org/W2067657159","https://openalex.org/W2086522572","https://openalex.org/W2104107546","https://openalex.org/W2111005369","https://openalex.org/W2115315701","https://openalex.org/W2130393758","https://openalex.org/W2146642555","https://openalex.org/W2168560422","https://openalex.org/W2290644883","https://openalex.org/W2304094067","https://openalex.org/W2332187231","https://openalex.org/W2477398699","https://openalex.org/W2482960160","https://openalex.org/W2518015180","https://openalex.org/W2766403607","https://openalex.org/W2768153526","https://openalex.org/W2899099630","https://openalex.org/W2960667655","https://openalex.org/W2964347763","https://openalex.org/W2969214162","https://openalex.org/W3015584492","https://openalex.org/W3027248676","https://openalex.org/W3141038045","https://openalex.org/W3179553833","https://openalex.org/W3202301083","https://openalex.org/W4249550613","https://openalex.org/W4282962640","https://openalex.org/W4385298612","https://openalex.org/W4396569759","https://openalex.org/W4402577580","https://openalex.org/W4402745123","https://openalex.org/W4408023556"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Solids":[0],"fracture":[1,13,123,152,179],"under":[2],"critical":[3,86],"stress,":[4],"while":[5],"liquids":[6,11,52,73,160],"exhibit":[7],"continuous":[8],"deformation.":[9],"Viscoelastic":[10],"can":[12,161],"like":[14],"solids":[15],"when":[16],"the":[17,24,31,64,109,122,129,136,150,165,191],"deformation":[18,120],"rate":[19],"is":[20,29,55,187],"high":[21],"enough":[22],"that":[23,157],"material's":[25],"storage":[26],"modulus":[27,38],"G^{'}":[28,62],"approximately":[30],"same":[32,151],"or":[33,170],"higher":[34,119],"than":[35,61],"its":[36],"loss":[37],"G^{''}.":[39],"Here,":[40],"we":[41,134],"present":[42],"direct":[43],"experimental":[44,69],"evidence":[45],"of":[46,58,88,101,131,164,168,178],"solidlike":[47],"fracturing":[48],"in":[49,159],"hydrocarbon":[50,92],"blend":[51],"whose":[53],"G^{''}":[54],"an":[56],"order":[57],"magnitude":[59],"greater":[60],"for":[63,91],"rates":[65,121],"probed.":[66],"In":[67],"our":[68,176],"setup,":[70],"high-viscosity":[71],"simple":[72,141],"were":[74],"subjected":[75],"to":[76,189],"shear":[77],"and":[78,94,106,148,194],"extensional":[79],"flow.":[80],"Fracture":[81],"occurred":[82],"at":[83,118,145],"a":[84,139],"total":[85],"stress":[87],"2(\u00b11)":[89],"MPa":[90],"blends":[93],"styrene":[95,143],"oligomers,":[96],"which":[97],"interestingly":[98],"remained":[99],"independent":[100,163],"viscosity,":[102],"chemical":[103],"composition,":[104],"temperature,":[105],"velocity.":[107],"Near":[108],"crack-onset":[110],"velocity,":[111],"ductile":[112],"cup-cone":[113],"fractures":[114,158],"are":[115],"observed,":[116],"whereas":[117],"becomes":[124],"predominantly":[125],"brittle.":[126],"To":[127],"test":[128],"generality":[130],"this":[132],"phenomenon,":[133],"repeated":[135],"experiments":[137],"using":[138],"different":[140,146],"liquid,":[142],"oligomer,":[144],"temperatures":[147],"observed":[149],"behavior.":[153,172],"Our":[154],"findings":[155,174],"suggest":[156],"occur":[162],"relative":[166],"dominance":[167],"viscous":[169],"elastic":[171],"These":[173],"expand":[175],"understanding":[177],"mechanics":[180],"beyond":[181],"purely":[182],"elastic-induced":[183],"phenomena.":[184],"Further":[185],"research":[186],"warranted":[188],"explore":[190],"underlying":[192],"mechanisms":[193],"practical":[195],"implications.":[196]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-25T09:21:30.201066","created_date":"2026-02-24T00:00:00"}