{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4323926525","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/logcom/exac104","title":"Modelling Supra-Classical Logic in a Boltzmann Neural Network: II Incongruence","display_name":"Modelling Supra-Classical Logic in a Boltzmann Neural Network: II Incongruence","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-03-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4323926525","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/logcom/exac104"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/logcom/exac104","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/logcom/exac104","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S47057106","display_name":"Journal of Logic and Computation","issn_l":"0955-792X","issn":["0955-792X","1465-363X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Logic and Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060787969","display_name":"Glenn Blanchette","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80281795","display_name":"University of Otago","ror":"https://ror.org/01jmxt844","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80281795"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Glenn Blanchette","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Otago , Dunedin 9054, New Zealand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Otago , Dunedin 9054, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80281795"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043855487","display_name":"Anthony Robins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1473-1683"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I80281795","display_name":"University of Otago","ror":"https://ror.org/01jmxt844","country_code":"NZ","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I80281795"]}],"countries":["NZ"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anthony Robins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Otago , Dunedin 9054, New Zealand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Otago , Dunedin 9054, New Zealand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80281795"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5060787969"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I80281795"],"apc_list":{"value":4151,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4151},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.02079921,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"1","first_page":"33","last_page":"74"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11010","display_name":"Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11010","display_name":"Logic, Reasoning, and Knowledge","score":0.9966999888420105,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9923999905586243,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9909999966621399,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boltzmann-machine","display_name":"Boltzmann machine","score":0.7257765531539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.641975998878479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.6405411958694458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6362643837928772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/set","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","score":0.6103557348251343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/semantics","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","score":0.5707582235336304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5466547012329102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/knowledge-representation-and-reasoning","display_name":"Knowledge representation and reasoning","score":0.5005636215209961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preference","display_name":"Preference","score":0.49045297503471375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relevance","display_name":"Relevance (law)","score":0.48161810636520386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.4612952470779419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.42825090885162354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.40008744597435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3811073303222656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.23602765798568726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.1608239710330963}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192576344","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194706","display_name":"Boltzmann machine","level":3,"score":0.7257765531539917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.641975998878479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.6405411958694458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6362643837928772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177264268","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1514741","display_name":"Set (abstract data type)","level":2,"score":0.6103557348251343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5707582235336304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5466547012329102},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161301231","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3478658","display_name":"Knowledge representation and reasoning","level":2,"score":0.5005636215209961},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781249084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q908656","display_name":"Preference","level":2,"score":0.49045297503471375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.48161810636520386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.4612952470779419},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.42825090885162354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.40008744597435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3811073303222656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.23602765798568726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.1608239710330963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/logcom/exac104","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/logcom/exac104","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S47057106","display_name":"Journal of Logic and Computation","issn_l":"0955-792X","issn":["0955-792X","1465-363X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Logic and Computation","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":62,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W160199655","https://openalex.org/W229642387","https://openalex.org/W612920974","https://openalex.org/W1509410808","https://openalex.org/W1553069021","https://openalex.org/W1569512666","https://openalex.org/W1576771044","https://openalex.org/W1600656774","https://openalex.org/W1613084859","https://openalex.org/W1670845525","https://openalex.org/W1836691125","https://openalex.org/W1982452573","https://openalex.org/W2000255081","https://openalex.org/W2001842864","https://openalex.org/W2020999234","https://openalex.org/W2021612297","https://openalex.org/W2036368940","https://openalex.org/W2042492924","https://openalex.org/W2045830397","https://openalex.org/W2056760934","https://openalex.org/W2072291277","https://openalex.org/W2080142817","https://openalex.org/W2089627725","https://openalex.org/W2103809193","https://openalex.org/W2109817468","https://openalex.org/W2118373646","https://openalex.org/W2122410182","https://openalex.org/W2128084896","https://openalex.org/W2149420462","https://openalex.org/W2150375089","https://openalex.org/W2167907160","https://openalex.org/W2552648643","https://openalex.org/W2798149936","https://openalex.org/W2893281428","https://openalex.org/W2922302670","https://openalex.org/W2945259913","https://openalex.org/W2948202857","https://openalex.org/W2990922713","https://openalex.org/W2996880361","https://openalex.org/W2999191191","https://openalex.org/W3018210196","https://openalex.org/W3043957872","https://openalex.org/W3183524006","https://openalex.org/W3187863171","https://openalex.org/W3197311441","https://openalex.org/W3216352415","https://openalex.org/W4200374388","https://openalex.org/W4249439747","https://openalex.org/W4251009746","https://openalex.org/W4291189174","https://openalex.org/W4300402905","https://openalex.org/W4302545423","https://openalex.org/W4388298880","https://openalex.org/W6606477792","https://openalex.org/W6618966655","https://openalex.org/W6630451940","https://openalex.org/W6676694196","https://openalex.org/W6681432938","https://openalex.org/W6694021008","https://openalex.org/W6755047080","https://openalex.org/W6772271251","https://openalex.org/W6807909133"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2916681395","https://openalex.org/W2529583158","https://openalex.org/W1575733688","https://openalex.org/W2963348254","https://openalex.org/W1641020902","https://openalex.org/W3128475979","https://openalex.org/W2133316674","https://openalex.org/W1968450737","https://openalex.org/W3121130100","https://openalex.org/W4229814595"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Information":[1],"present":[2],"in":[3,15,53,91,132],"any":[4,140],"training":[5,44],"set":[6],"of":[7,61,70,79,83,89,102,121,142,155,161],"vectors":[8],"for":[9],"machine":[10],"learning":[11,47],"can":[12,57],"be":[13],"interpreted":[14],"two":[16],"different":[17],"ways,":[18],"either":[19,71],"as":[20,24],"whole":[21,103],"states":[22],"or":[23,74,130],"individual":[25],"atomic":[26,75,114],"units.":[27],"In":[28],"this":[29],"paper,":[30],"we":[31,135],"show":[32],"that":[33,98,109,139],"these":[34],"alternative":[35],"information":[36,63,81],"distributions":[37],"are":[38],"often":[39],"inherently":[40],"incongruent":[41],"within":[42],"the":[43,54,65,68,87,100,119,159],"set.":[45],"When":[46],"with":[48],"a":[49,153],"Boltzmann":[50],"machine,":[51],"modifications":[52],"network":[55,167],"architecture":[56],"select":[58],"one":[59],"type":[60],"distributional":[62,80],"over":[64],"other;":[66],"favouring":[67],"activation":[69,116],"state":[72,104],"exemplar":[73,105],"characteristics.":[76],"This":[77],"choice":[78],"is":[82,99,118,149],"relevance":[84],"when":[85],"considering":[86],"representation":[88,111,141],"knowledge":[90,110],"logic.":[92,133],"Traditional":[93],"logic":[94],"only":[95],"utilises":[96],"preference":[97],"correlate":[101,120],"frequency.":[106],"We":[107,151],"propose":[108],"derived":[112,157],"from":[113,158],"characteristic":[115,162],"frequencies":[117],"compositional":[122],"typicality,":[123],"which":[124],"currently":[125],"has":[126],"limited":[127],"formal":[128],"definition":[129,154],"application":[131],"Further,":[134],"argue":[136],"by":[137,144],"counter-example,":[138],"typicality":[143,156],"\u2018most":[145],"preferred":[146],"model":[147],"semantics\u2019":[148],"inadequate.":[150],"provide":[152],"probability":[160],"features;":[163],"based":[164],"on":[165],"neural":[166],"modelling.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-12-24T23:09:58.560324","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}