{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2783160613","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqx065","title":"An authorship analysis of the Jack the Ripper letters","display_name":"An authorship analysis of the Jack the Ripper letters","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-01-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2783160613","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqx065","mag":"2783160613"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/llc/fqx065","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqx065","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/dsh/article-pdf/33/3/621/25530096/fqx065.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2734814886","display_name":"Digital Scholarship in the Humanities","issn_l":"2055-7671","issn":["2055-7671","2055-768X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital Scholarship in the Humanities","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://academic.oup.com/dsh/article-pdf/33/3/621/25530096/fqx065.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011750553","display_name":"Andrea Nini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4218-5130"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","display_name":"University of Manchester","ror":"https://ror.org/027m9bs27","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Nini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Linguistics and English Language, University of Manchester, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4218-5130","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Linguistics and English Language, University of Manchester, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5011750553"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"],"apc_list":{"value":2522,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":3093},"apc_paid":{"value":2413,"currency":"EUR","value_usd":2602},"fwci":1.0154,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":25,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81886112,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"3","first_page":"621","last_page":"636"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12380","display_name":"Authorship Attribution and Profiling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12380","display_name":"Authorship Attribution and Profiling","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12970","display_name":"Names, Identity, and Discrimination Research","score":0.9882000088691711,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13959","display_name":"Swearing, Euphemism, Multilingualism","score":0.9699000120162964,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3315","display_name":"Communication"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/newspaper","display_name":"Newspaper","score":0.7039172649383545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/persona","display_name":"Persona","score":0.5904229283332825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/key","display_name":"Key (lock)","score":0.5641953349113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/legend","display_name":"Legend","score":0.47104835510253906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.4406944513320923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history","display_name":"History","score":0.43507862091064453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/literature","display_name":"Literature","score":0.41247352957725525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/art","display_name":"Art","score":0.34390896558761597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.30698761343955994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.18942749500274658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/media-studies","display_name":"Media studies","score":0.1511552631855011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/philosophy","display_name":"Philosophy","score":0.13255387544631958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/humanities","display_name":"Humanities","score":0.11712691187858582}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201280247","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11032","display_name":"Newspaper","level":2,"score":0.7039172649383545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C313442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778556","display_name":"Persona","level":2,"score":0.5904229283332825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C26517878","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228039","display_name":"Key (lock)","level":2,"score":0.5641953349113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776142151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q44342","display_name":"Legend","level":2,"score":0.47104835510253906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.4406944513320923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.43507862091064453},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.41247352957725525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.34390896558761597},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.30698761343955994},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.18942749500274658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29595303","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q165650","display_name":"Media studies","level":1,"score":0.1511552631855011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.13255387544631958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15708023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80083","display_name":"Humanities","level":1,"score":0.11712691187858582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/llc/fqx065","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqx065","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/dsh/article-pdf/33/3/621/25530096/fqx065.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2734814886","display_name":"Digital Scholarship in the Humanities","issn_l":"2055-7671","issn":["2055-7671","2055-768X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital Scholarship in the Humanities","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/acdd021a-18a8-4b6e-81a4-3a667c453295","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.manchester.ac.uk/en/publications/acdd021a-18a8-4b6e-81a4-3a667c453295","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400662","display_name":"Research Explorer (The University of Manchester)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","host_organization_name":"University of Manchester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Nini, A 2018, 'An authorship analysis of the Jack the Ripper letters', Digital Scholarship in the Humanities, vol. 33, no. 3, pp. 621-636. https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqx065","raw_type":"article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/acdd021a-18a8-4b6e-81a4-3a667c453295","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/an-authorship-analysis-of-the-jack-the-ripper-letters(acdd021a-18a8-4b6e-81a4-3a667c453295).html","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400662","display_name":"Research Explorer (The University of Manchester)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I28407311","host_organization_name":"University of Manchester","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I28407311"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/llc/fqx065","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqx065","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/dsh/article-pdf/33/3/621/25530096/fqx065.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2734814886","display_name":"Digital Scholarship in the Humanities","issn_l":"2055-7671","issn":["2055-7671","2055-768X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"public-domain","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/public-domain","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital Scholarship in the Humanities","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.6800000071525574,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2783160613.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2783160613.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":61,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W181196098","https://openalex.org/W207025521","https://openalex.org/W589844574","https://openalex.org/W604598878","https://openalex.org/W612796412","https://openalex.org/W1502101714","https://openalex.org/W1508645277","https://openalex.org/W1536949787","https://openalex.org/W1584776360","https://openalex.org/W1590621712","https://openalex.org/W1899611990","https://openalex.org/W1964788111","https://openalex.org/W2021034890","https://openalex.org/W2034812584","https://openalex.org/W2040684668","https://openalex.org/W2048753011","https://openalex.org/W2050193698","https://openalex.org/W2053782355","https://openalex.org/W2054151502","https://openalex.org/W2065218635","https://openalex.org/W2072828027","https://openalex.org/W2078871801","https://openalex.org/W2079606256","https://openalex.org/W2082587268","https://openalex.org/W2086178128","https://openalex.org/W2086461330","https://openalex.org/W2087718849","https://openalex.org/W2095025335","https://openalex.org/W2123402141","https://openalex.org/W2150791916","https://openalex.org/W2154391246","https://openalex.org/W2161411600","https://openalex.org/W2168204821","https://openalex.org/W2221412004","https://openalex.org/W2342307409","https://openalex.org/W2550423462","https://openalex.org/W2563684541","https://openalex.org/W2565322687","https://openalex.org/W2567083445","https://openalex.org/W2678441169","https://openalex.org/W2752672336","https://openalex.org/W2913668833","https://openalex.org/W2992017905","https://openalex.org/W2993824365","https://openalex.org/W3014776439","https://openalex.org/W3124296801","https://openalex.org/W3139052584","https://openalex.org/W4210968323","https://openalex.org/W4232957182","https://openalex.org/W4244109047","https://openalex.org/W4246619993","https://openalex.org/W4250089123","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W4302531218","https://openalex.org/W6640030196","https://openalex.org/W6672153367","https://openalex.org/W6688905129","https://openalex.org/W6704014455","https://openalex.org/W6740474312","https://openalex.org/W6771315047","https://openalex.org/W6771356036"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2356632601","https://openalex.org/W2393295755","https://openalex.org/W609353068","https://openalex.org/W2368453932","https://openalex.org/W2376554757","https://openalex.org/W2390190630","https://openalex.org/W2318238104","https://openalex.org/W2369061600","https://openalex.org/W2378860561"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,61,102,167],"Whitechapel":[1],"murders":[2],"that":[3,54,72,88,182,211],"terrorized":[4],"London":[5],"in":[6,224],"1888":[7],"are":[8],"still":[9],"remembered":[10],"to":[11,15,27,83,120,148],"this":[12],"day,":[13],"thanks":[14],"the":[16,23,28,31,33,36,39,45,52,59,66,75,89,96,112,114,122,128,137,139,144,149,155,161,171,180,183,190,193,197,202,221,225,227],"legend":[17],"of":[18,30,38,68,74,111,124,143,154,164,173,192,195,220],"its":[19],"unapprehended":[20],"perpetrator,":[21],"Jack":[22,113,196],"Ripper.":[24],"In":[25,205],"addition":[26],"gruesomeness":[29],"murders,":[32],"name":[34],"and":[35,87,130,170,218,229],"persona":[37,194],"killer":[40],"have":[41,55],"been":[42,56],"popularized":[43],"by":[44,81,201],"over":[46],"200":[47],"letters":[48,70,116,146,156],"signed":[49],"as":[50],"'Jack":[51,138],"Ripper'":[53],"received":[57],"following":[58],"murders.":[60],"most":[62,98,131,185],"supported":[63],"theory":[64],"on":[65,106],"authorship":[67,108],"these":[69,216],"is":[71,92,157,208],"some":[73],"earliest":[76,100,129],"key":[77,222],"texts":[78,187,217,223],"were":[79,199],"written":[80,200],"journalists":[82],"sell":[84],"more":[85],"newspapers":[86],"same":[90,203],"person":[91],"responsible":[93,188],"for":[94,127,189],"writing":[95],"two":[97,184],"iconic":[99,186],"letters.":[101],"present":[103],"article":[104],"reports":[105],"an":[107],"clustering/verification":[109],"analysis":[110,153],"Ripper":[115,140,198],"with":[117],"a":[118,151,212],"view":[119],"detect":[121],"presence":[123],"one":[125],"writer":[126],"historically":[132],"important":[133],"texts.":[134],"After":[135],"compiling":[136],"Corpus'":[141],"consisting":[142],"209":[145],"linked":[147],"case,":[150,226],"cluster":[152],"carried":[158],"out":[159],"using":[160],"Jaccard":[162],"distance":[163],"word":[165],"2-grams.":[166],"quantitative":[168],"results":[169],"discovery":[172],"certain":[174],"shared":[175],"distinctive":[176],"lexicogrammatical":[177],"structures":[178],"support":[179],"hypothesis":[181],"creation":[191],"person.":[204],"addition,":[206],"there":[207],"also":[209],"evidence":[210],"link":[213],"exists":[214],"between":[215],"another":[219],"Moab":[228],"Midian":[230],"letter.":[231]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}