{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2161019418","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqt028","title":"Language chunking, data sparseness, and the value of a long marker list: explorations with word n-grams and authorial attribution","display_name":"Language chunking, data sparseness, and the value of a long marker list: explorations with word n-grams and authorial attribution","publication_year":2013,"publication_date":"2013-05-22","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2161019418","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqt028","mag":"2161019418"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/llc/fqt028","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqt028","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84784070","display_name":"Literary and Linguistic Computing","issn_l":"0268-1145","issn":["0268-1145","1477-4615"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Literary and Linguistic Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062613408","display_name":"Alexis Antonia","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78757542","display_name":"University of Newcastle Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/00eae9z71","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Antonia","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Literary and Linguistic Computing, University of Newcastle, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Literary and Linguistic Computing, University of Newcastle, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112296969","display_name":"H. Craig","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78757542","display_name":"University of Newcastle Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/00eae9z71","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Craig","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Literary and Linguistic Computing, University of Newcastle, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Literary and Linguistic Computing, University of Newcastle, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052081451","display_name":"John R. Elliott","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2957-4596"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78757542","display_name":"University of Newcastle Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/00eae9z71","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Elliott","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Literary and Linguistic Computing, University of Newcastle, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Literary and Linguistic Computing, University of Newcastle, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.9471,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":44,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89012364,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"29","issue":"2","first_page":"147","last_page":"163"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12380","display_name":"Authorship Attribution and Profiling","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12380","display_name":"Authorship Attribution and Profiling","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9889000058174133,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9873999953269958,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7247437834739685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chunking","display_name":"Chunking (psychology)","score":0.6815206408500671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.667949378490448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.6425538063049316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/vocabulary","display_name":"Vocabulary","score":0.615738570690155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5466291904449463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authorship-attribution","display_name":"Authorship attribution","score":0.5398563146591187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.4552347958087921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stop-words","display_name":"Stop words","score":0.4127504229545593}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7247437834739685},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203357204","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1089605","display_name":"Chunking (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6815206408500671},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.667949378490448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.6425538063049316},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6499736","display_name":"Vocabulary","level":2,"score":0.615738570690155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5466291904449463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020202489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2032038","display_name":"Authorship attribution","level":2,"score":0.5398563146591187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.4552347958087921},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188338183","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80735","display_name":"Stop words","level":3,"score":0.4127504229545593},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/llc/fqt028","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqt028","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84784070","display_name":"Literary and Linguistic Computing","issn_l":"0268-1145","issn":["0268-1145","1477-4615"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Literary and Linguistic Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:uon:20570","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1302892","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196471","display_name":"NOVA (University of Newcastle Australia)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I78757542","host_organization_name":"University of Newcastle Australia","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"journal article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","score":0.8500000238418579}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":23,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W174505168","https://openalex.org/W288321548","https://openalex.org/W437272912","https://openalex.org/W1548755039","https://openalex.org/W1602390003","https://openalex.org/W2014864037","https://openalex.org/W2027046728","https://openalex.org/W2040162312","https://openalex.org/W2051992261","https://openalex.org/W2054920719","https://openalex.org/W2055699824","https://openalex.org/W2057040825","https://openalex.org/W2059659390","https://openalex.org/W2072828027","https://openalex.org/W2107317033","https://openalex.org/W2146793826","https://openalex.org/W2151752770","https://openalex.org/W2155895561","https://openalex.org/W2599132864","https://openalex.org/W2898521981","https://openalex.org/W2912780347","https://openalex.org/W4210584571","https://openalex.org/W4250089123"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2384729545","https://openalex.org/W2198395236","https://openalex.org/W2800417007","https://openalex.org/W147604216","https://openalex.org/W2118525872","https://openalex.org/W2279104074","https://openalex.org/W4240300554","https://openalex.org/W1997182898","https://openalex.org/W2359738357","https://openalex.org/W81797711"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,18],"frequencies":[1],"of":[2,9,20,23,35,88,98,115,129,135,190],"individual":[3,72,83],"words":[4,84],"have":[5],"been":[6],"the":[7,14,56,66,96,131,160,174],"mainstay":[8],"computer-assisted":[10],"authorial":[11],"attribution":[12,103],"over":[13],"past":[15],"three":[16],"decades.":[17],"usefulness":[19,97],"this":[21,92],"sort":[22],"data":[24],"is":[25,40,62],"attested":[26],"in":[27,32,65,68,71],"many":[28,107],"benchmark":[29],"trials":[30],"and":[31,59,123,137,142,156,172],"numerous":[33],"studies":[34],"particular":[36],"authorship":[37,89,102,109],"problems.":[38],"It":[39],"sometimes":[41],"argued,":[42],"however,":[43],"that":[44,147],"since":[45,60],"language":[46,61],"as":[47,85],"spoken":[48],"or":[49],"written":[50],"falls":[51],"into":[52],"word":[53,99],"sequences,":[54],"on":[55,152,158,169,200],"\u2018idiom":[57],"principle\u2019,":[58],"characteristically":[63],"produced":[64],"brain":[67],"chunks,":[69],"not":[70],"words,":[73],"n-grams":[74,100,114],"with":[75],"n":[76],"higher":[77],"than":[78],"1":[79],"are":[80,111],"superior":[81],"to":[82,186,192],"a":[86,187,197],"source":[87],"markers.":[90,144],"In":[91],"article,":[93],"we":[94,183],"test":[95],"for":[101,140],"by":[104,113],"asking":[105],"how":[106],"good-quality":[108],"markers":[110],"yielded":[112],"various":[116],"types,":[117],"namely":[118],"1-grams,":[119],"2-grams,":[120],"3-grams,":[121],"4-grams,":[122],"5-grams.":[124],"We":[125,145],"use":[126],"two":[127,133,138],"ways":[128],"formulating":[130],"n-grams,":[132,194],"corpora":[134],"texts,":[136],"methods":[139,150,167],"finding":[141],"assessing":[143],"find":[146],"when":[148],"using":[149],"based":[151,168],"regularly":[153],"occurring":[154],"markers,":[155,171],"drawing":[157],"all":[159,173],"available":[161,175],"vocabulary,":[162,176],"1-grams":[163],"perform":[164,180],"best.":[165,181],"With":[166],"rare":[170],"strict":[177],"3-gram":[178],"sequences":[179],"If":[182],"restrict":[184],"ourselves":[185],"defined":[188],"word-list":[189],"function-words":[191],"form":[193],"2-grams":[195],"offer":[196],"striking":[198],"improvement":[199],"1-grams.":[201]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}