{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2168581589","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqp033","title":"Old spellings, new methods: automated procedures for indeterminate linguistic data","display_name":"Old spellings, new methods: automated procedures for indeterminate linguistic data","publication_year":2009,"publication_date":"2009-10-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2168581589","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqp033","mag":"2168581589"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/llc/fqp033","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqp033","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84784070","display_name":"Literary and Linguistic Computing","issn_l":"0268-1145","issn":["0268-1145","1477-4615"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Literary and Linguistic Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5112296969","display_name":"H. Craig","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78757542","display_name":"University of Newcastle Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/00eae9z71","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"H. Craig","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Literary and Linguistic Computing, School of Humanities and Social Science, The University of Newcastle, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Literary and Linguistic Computing, School of Humanities and Social Science, The University of Newcastle, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059380481","display_name":"R. Whipp","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I78757542","display_name":"University of Newcastle Australia","ror":"https://ror.org/00eae9z71","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"R. Whipp","raw_affiliation_strings":["Centre for Literary and Linguistic Computing, School of Humanities and Social Science, The University of Newcastle, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Centre for Literary and Linguistic Computing, School of Humanities and Social Science, The University of Newcastle, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I78757542"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.5531,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":21,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93344928,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"1","first_page":"37","last_page":"52"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12380","display_name":"Authorship Attribution and Profiling","score":0.9760000109672546,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11640","display_name":"Linguistic Variation and Morphology","score":0.974399983882904,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3310","display_name":"Linguistics and Language"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spelling","display_name":"Spelling","score":0.9498945474624634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7994115352630615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/perspective","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","score":0.6592479348182678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.5885496735572815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5615550875663757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.5565723180770874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/probabilistic-logic","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","score":0.48130810260772705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.44456902146339417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.4437969923019409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.18939325213432312}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777801307","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2088390","display_name":"Spelling","level":2,"score":0.9498945474624634},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7994115352630615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12713177","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1900281","display_name":"Perspective (graphical)","level":2,"score":0.6592479348182678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.5885496735572815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5615550875663757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.5565723180770874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49937458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2599292","display_name":"Probabilistic logic","level":2,"score":0.48130810260772705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.44456902146339417},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.4437969923019409},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.18939325213432312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/llc/fqp033","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqp033","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84784070","display_name":"Literary and Linguistic Computing","issn_l":"0268-1145","issn":["0268-1145","1477-4615"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Literary and Linguistic Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8799999952316284,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W164822743","https://openalex.org/W1978180302","https://openalex.org/W1984466986","https://openalex.org/W1987146088","https://openalex.org/W1999114220","https://openalex.org/W2047620598","https://openalex.org/W2160053217","https://openalex.org/W2328066438","https://openalex.org/W2534712034"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2161008081","https://openalex.org/W2100947578","https://openalex.org/W1555832326","https://openalex.org/W4298186509","https://openalex.org/W2556702969","https://openalex.org/W217221262","https://openalex.org/W611030372","https://openalex.org/W1974418053","https://openalex.org/W2081317458","https://openalex.org/W2021532426"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"authors":[1],"have":[2],"worked":[3],"over":[4],"several":[5],"years":[6],"on":[7,55,58,63],"a":[8,33],"software":[9],"tool":[10],"to":[11],"make":[12],"word":[13],"counts":[14],"from":[15,72],"an":[16,44,49],"archive":[17],"of":[18,67],"old-spelling":[19],"early":[20],"modern":[21],"English":[22],"plays":[23],"and":[24,62],"poems.":[25],"In":[26],"this":[27],"article":[28],"we":[29,47],"present":[30],"the":[31,56,64,75,82],"outcome,":[32],"computational":[34],"model":[35],"for":[36],"dealing":[37],"automatically":[38],"with":[39],"variant":[40],"spelling,":[41],"implemented":[42],"in":[43,69,80],"application":[45],"which":[46,78],"call":[48],"\u2018Intelligent":[50],"Archive\u2019.":[51],"We":[52],"also":[53],"reflect":[54],"perspective":[57],"Early":[59],"Modern":[60],"English,":[61],"probabilistic":[65],"aspect":[66],"language":[68],"general,":[70],"gained":[71],"working":[73],"through":[74],"practical":[76],"problems":[77],"arose":[79],"establishing":[81],"model.":[83]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}