{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2072422415","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqn040","title":"Reassessing authorship of the Book of Mormon using delta and nearest shrunken centroid classification","display_name":"Reassessing authorship of the Book of Mormon using delta and nearest shrunken centroid classification","publication_year":2008,"publication_date":"2008-09-29","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2072422415","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqn040","mag":"2072422415"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/llc/fqn040","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqn040","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84784070","display_name":"Literary and Linguistic Computing","issn_l":"0268-1145","issn":["0268-1145","1477-4615"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Literary and Linguistic Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045067400","display_name":"Matthew L. Jockers","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5599-3706"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"M. L. Jockers","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of English, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of English, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031682567","display_name":"Daniela Witten","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1764-1184"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"D. M. Witten","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA","Department of Statistics, Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305, USA#TAB#"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, Stanford University Stanford, CA 94305, USA#TAB#","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076693439","display_name":"Craig S. Criddle","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2750-8547"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"C. S. Criddle","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA","Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Stanford University; Stanford; CA; 94305; USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering; Stanford University; Stanford; CA; 94305; USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045067400"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.4948,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":85,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96238964,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"23","issue":"4","first_page":"465","last_page":"491"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12380","display_name":"Authorship Attribution and Profiling","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12380","display_name":"Authorship Attribution and Profiling","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9664999842643738,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13750","display_name":"Mormonism, Religion, and History","score":0.9218999743461609,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1202","display_name":"History"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history","display_name":"History","score":0.5429030656814575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/centroid","display_name":"Centroid","score":0.4903409481048584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.4294849932193756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/genealogy","display_name":"Genealogy","score":0.3967244327068329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/literature","display_name":"Literature","score":0.39039209485054016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classics","display_name":"Classics","score":0.3470057547092438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/art","display_name":"Art","score":0.29486578702926636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.132052481174469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.11689656972885132}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.5429030656814575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146599234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q511093","display_name":"Centroid","level":2,"score":0.4903409481048584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.4294849932193756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53553401","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47307","display_name":"Genealogy","level":1,"score":0.3967244327068329},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.39039209485054016},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74916050","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q841090","display_name":"Classics","level":1,"score":0.3470057547092438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.29486578702926636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.132052481174469},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.11689656972885132},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/llc/fqn040","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqn040","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S84784070","display_name":"Literary and Linguistic Computing","issn_l":"0268-1145","issn":["0268-1145","1477-4615"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Literary and Linguistic Computing","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7300000190734863,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321040","display_name":"National Science Council","ror":"https://ror.org/02kv4zf79"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W168622922","https://openalex.org/W326516887","https://openalex.org/W591613890","https://openalex.org/W1504132887","https://openalex.org/W1519938146","https://openalex.org/W1966626540","https://openalex.org/W1985988274","https://openalex.org/W1988325585","https://openalex.org/W2001888644","https://openalex.org/W2017361309","https://openalex.org/W2027046728","https://openalex.org/W2040162312","https://openalex.org/W2107317033","https://openalex.org/W2138550913","https://openalex.org/W2330662741","https://openalex.org/W2338425439","https://openalex.org/W2564712590","https://openalex.org/W2998441136","https://openalex.org/W4241151676"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2988147691","https://openalex.org/W3038204311","https://openalex.org/W3002028984","https://openalex.org/W2029600726","https://openalex.org/W4312318710","https://openalex.org/W3004036117","https://openalex.org/W2904201394","https://openalex.org/W2049070516","https://openalex.org/W2393315929","https://openalex.org/W2517635129"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mormon":[0,28,47,197],"prophet":[1],"Joseph":[2],"Smith":[3],"(1805\u201344)":[4],"claimed":[5],"that":[6,31,49,67,101,153,187,205],"more":[7,85],"than":[8],"two-dozen":[9],"ancient":[10,60],"individuals":[11],"(Nephi,":[12],"Mormon,":[13,128],"Alma,":[14],"etc.)":[15],"living":[16],"from":[17,43],"around":[18],"2200":[19],"BC":[20],"to":[21,75,93,110,124,145,213],"421":[22],"AD":[23],"authored":[24],"the":[25,44,99,111,117,125,146,185,190,194,208,214],"Book":[26,45,112,126,147,195],"of":[27,46,56,103,113,116,127,148,163,193,196,217],"(1830),":[29],"and":[30,59,79,132,142,174,198],"he":[32,206],"translated":[33],"their":[34,139],"inscriptions":[35],"into":[36],"English.":[37],"Later":[38],"researchers":[39],"who":[40],"analyzed":[41],"selections":[42,52],"concluded":[48],"differences":[50],"between":[51],"supported":[53],"Smith's":[54],"claim":[55],"multiple":[57],"authorship":[58,78],"origins.":[61],"We":[62,89],"offer":[63],"a":[64,84,96,161,177],"new":[65],"approach":[66],"employs":[68],"two":[69,129],"classification":[70],"techniques:":[71],"\u2018delta\u2019":[72],"commonly":[73],"used":[74],"determine":[76],"probable":[77],"\u2018nearest":[80],"shrunken":[81],"centroid\u2019":[82],"(NSC),":[83],"generally":[86],"applicable":[87],"classifier.":[88],"use":[90],"both":[91],"methods":[92],"determine,":[94],"on":[95,138],"chapter-by-chapter":[97],"basis,":[98],"probability":[100],"each":[102],"seven":[104,118],"potential":[105],"authors":[106],"wrote":[107],"or":[108,121],"contributed":[109],"Mormon.":[114,149],"Five":[115],"have":[119],"known":[120],"alleged":[122],"connections":[123],"do":[130],"not,":[131],"were":[133,158],"added":[134],"as":[135],"controls":[136],"based":[137],"thematic,":[140],"linguistic,":[141],"historical":[143,164,202],"similarity":[144],"Our":[150,182],"results":[151],"indicate":[152],"likely":[154],"nineteenth":[155],"century":[156],"contributors":[157],"Solomon":[159],"Spalding,":[160],"writer":[162],"fantasies;":[165],"Sidney":[166],"Rigdon,":[167],"an":[168],"eloquent":[169],"but":[170],"perhaps":[171],"unstable":[172],"preacher;":[173],"Oliver":[175],"Cowdery,":[176],"schoolteacher":[178],"with":[179,201],"editing":[180],"experience.":[181],"findings":[183],"support":[184],"hypothesis":[186],"Rigdon":[188],"was":[189],"main":[191],"architect":[192],"are":[199],"consistent":[200],"evidence":[203],"suggesting":[204],"fabricated":[207],"book":[209],"by":[210],"adding":[211],"theology":[212],"unpublished":[215],"writings":[216],"Spalding":[218],"(then":[219],"deceased).":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":13},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2014,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2013,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2012,"cited_by_count":7}],"updated_date":"2026-03-22T08:09:32.410652","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}