{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4363679240","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqad019","title":"Unravelling interlanguage facts via explainable machine learning","display_name":"Unravelling interlanguage facts via explainable machine learning","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-04-10","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4363679240","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqad019"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/llc/fqad019","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqad019","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/dsh/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/llc/fqad019/50379024/fqad019.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2734814886","display_name":"Digital Scholarship in the Humanities","issn_l":"2055-7671","issn":["2055-7671","2055-768X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital Scholarship in the Humanities","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://academic.oup.com/dsh/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/llc/fqad019/50379024/fqad019.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018008030","display_name":"B. Berti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-3454-8934"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I189158943","display_name":"University of Milan","ror":"https://ror.org/00wjc7c48","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Barbara Berti","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dipartimento di Lingue, Letterature, Culture e Mediazioni, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano , Milano, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dipartimento di Lingue, Letterature, Culture e Mediazioni, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Milano , Milano, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082069715","display_name":"Andrea Esuli","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5725-4322"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122991210","display_name":"Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione \"Alessandro Faedo\"","ror":"https://ror.org/05kacka20","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122991210","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Andrea Esuli","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell\u2019Informazione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell\u2019Informazione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063975186","display_name":"Fabrizio Sebastiani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4221-6427"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122991210","display_name":"Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell'Informazione \"Alessandro Faedo\"","ror":"https://ror.org/05kacka20","country_code":"IT","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122991210","https://openalex.org/I4210155236"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabrizio Sebastiani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell\u2019Informazione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Pisa, Italy"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Istituto di Scienza e Tecnologie dell\u2019Informazione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , Pisa, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122991210"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5018008030"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I189158943"],"apc_list":{"value":2522,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":3093},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5247,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7000272,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"3","first_page":"953","last_page":"977"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12380","display_name":"Authorship Attribution and Profiling","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.746624767780304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/discriminative-model","display_name":"Discriminative model","score":0.6460272073745728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6238903403282166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6024549603462219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interlanguage","display_name":"Interlanguage","score":0.5995989441871643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5401022434234619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4685804545879364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.4575977921485901}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.746624767780304},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97931131","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5282087","display_name":"Discriminative model","level":2,"score":0.6460272073745728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6238903403282166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6024549603462219},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207489910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1201217","display_name":"Interlanguage","level":2,"score":0.5995989441871643},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5401022434234619},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4685804545879364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.4575977921485901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/llc/fqad019","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqad019","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/dsh/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/llc/fqad019/50379024/fqad019.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2734814886","display_name":"Digital Scholarship in the Humanities","issn_l":"2055-7671","issn":["2055-7671","2055-768X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital Scholarship in the Humanities","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:dnet:people______::e77a48cbdfc9b121527c3cec0208031f","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":null,"pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055261","display_name":"ISTI Open Portal","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"DIGITAL SCHOLARSHIP IN THE HUMANITIES","raw_type":"Journal article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:it.cnr:prodotti:481847","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://www.cnr.it/prodotto/i/481847","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S7407055101","display_name":"CNR ExploRA","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"info:cnr-pdr/source/autori:Berti B.; Esuli A.; Sebastiani F./titolo:Unravelling interlanguage facts via explainable machine learning/doi:10.1093%2Fllc%2Ffqad019/rivista:Digital Scholarship in the Humanities/anno:2023/pagina_da:/pagina_a:/intervallo_pagine:/volume:","raw_type":"Articolo in rivista"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/llc/fqad019","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqad019","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/dsh/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/llc/fqad019/50379024/fqad019.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2734814886","display_name":"Digital Scholarship in the Humanities","issn_l":"2055-7671","issn":["2055-7671","2055-768X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital Scholarship in the Humanities","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.75,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8274803949","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"871042","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","funder_display_name":"European Commission"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320300","display_name":"European Commission","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4363679240.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4363679240.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":51,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W206691062","https://openalex.org/W1034692023","https://openalex.org/W1513211366","https://openalex.org/W1528928324","https://openalex.org/W1530107747","https://openalex.org/W1585817912","https://openalex.org/W1591863293","https://openalex.org/W1688592801","https://openalex.org/W1783970780","https://openalex.org/W1889168617","https://openalex.org/W1901616594","https://openalex.org/W1975069446","https://openalex.org/W1976095474","https://openalex.org/W1977972362","https://openalex.org/W1989726048","https://openalex.org/W2009005492","https://openalex.org/W2013358682","https://openalex.org/W2020537730","https://openalex.org/W2028701196","https://openalex.org/W2082433872","https://openalex.org/W2088771471","https://openalex.org/W2096009663","https://openalex.org/W2103258672","https://openalex.org/W2118020653","https://openalex.org/W2124994384","https://openalex.org/W2153890685","https://openalex.org/W2307325935","https://openalex.org/W2548695521","https://openalex.org/W2730189203","https://openalex.org/W2799352283","https://openalex.org/W2800866707","https://openalex.org/W2805577724","https://openalex.org/W2887691909","https://openalex.org/W2896279829","https://openalex.org/W2900628656","https://openalex.org/W2963158254","https://openalex.org/W2963910295","https://openalex.org/W3113985549","https://openalex.org/W3174752098","https://openalex.org/W3205988523","https://openalex.org/W4206294328","https://openalex.org/W4229742165","https://openalex.org/W4253291564","https://openalex.org/W4253857606","https://openalex.org/W4256582955","https://openalex.org/W4319590460","https://openalex.org/W6635028146","https://openalex.org/W6674622333","https://openalex.org/W6675541779","https://openalex.org/W6698458864","https://openalex.org/W6812027140"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2121225503","https://openalex.org/W2377425530","https://openalex.org/W2372403485","https://openalex.org/W2354830130","https://openalex.org/W2372460874","https://openalex.org/W2355298775","https://openalex.org/W4310615808","https://openalex.org/W2387789095","https://openalex.org/W2352339758","https://openalex.org/W1487808658"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Native":[1],"language":[2,20,101,260,293],"identification":[3],"(NLI)":[4],"is":[5],"the":[6,18,22,34,38,47,56,63,87,186,191,196,229,244,268,276,286],"task":[7,28],"of":[8,21,24,40,55,61,65,82,90,138,143,150,158,178,219,259,267,278],"training":[9],"(via":[10],"supervised":[11],"machine":[12,73],"learning)":[13],"a":[14,25,52,98,114,123,129,132,148,179,282],"classifier":[15,68],"that":[16,60,185,228,243,275],"guesses":[17],"native":[19,100,130],"author":[23],"text.":[26],"This":[27],"has":[29,43,125],"been":[30,126],"extensively":[31],"researched":[32],"in":[33,77,107,202,221],"last":[35],"decade,":[36],"and":[37,113,147,164,199,214,292],"performance":[39],"NLI":[41,57,67,112],"systems":[42],"steadily":[44],"improved":[45],"over":[46],"years.":[48],"We":[49,103,205],"focus":[50],"on":[51,212,216],"different":[53,139],"facet":[54],"task,":[58,119],"i.e.":[59,120,255],"analysing":[62],"internals":[64],"an":[66,71],"trained":[69],"by":[70,128,195,265],"explainable":[72],"learning":[74],"(EML)":[75],"algorithm,":[76],"order":[78,108],"to":[79,109],"obtain":[80],"explanations":[81],"its":[83],"classification":[84],"decisions,":[85],"with":[86,252],"ultimate":[88],"goal":[89],"gaining":[91],"insight":[92],"into":[93],"which":[94,156,222],"linguistic":[95,159,226],"phenomena":[96],"\u2018give":[97],"speaker\u2019s":[99,180],"away\u2019.":[102],"use":[104,277],"this":[105,203],"perspective":[106],"tackle":[110],"both":[111],"(much":[115],"less":[116],"researched)":[117],"companion":[118],"guessing":[121],"whether":[122],"text":[124],"written":[127],"or":[131,263],"non-native":[133],"speaker.":[134],"Using":[135],"three":[136],"datasets":[137,142],"provenance":[140],"(two":[141],"English":[144],"learners\u2019":[145],"essays":[146],"dataset":[149],"social":[151],"media":[152],"posts),":[153],"we":[154,223,241],"investigate":[155],"kind":[157],"traits":[160,227,245],"(lexical,":[161],"morphological,":[162,197],"syntactic,":[163,198],"statistical)":[165],"are":[166,175,190],"most":[167,176,187,235,248],"effective":[168],"for":[169,237,285],"solving":[170],"our":[171,182,253,272],"two":[172,208],"tasks,":[173],"namely,":[174],"indicative":[177],"L1;":[181],"experiments":[183],"indicate":[184],"discriminative":[188,249],"features":[189],"lexical":[192],"ones,":[193],"followed":[194],"statistical":[200],"features,":[201],"order.":[204],"also":[206],"present":[207],"case":[209],"studies,":[210],"one":[211,215],"Italian":[213],"Spanish":[217],"learners":[218],"English,":[220],"analyse":[224],"individual":[225],"classifiers":[230],"have":[231],"singled":[232],"out":[233],"as":[234,247],"important":[236],"spotting":[238],"these":[239],"L1s;":[240],"show":[242],"identified":[246],"well":[250],"align":[251],"intuition,":[254],"represent":[256],"typical":[257],"patterns":[258],"misuse,":[261],"underuse,":[262],"overuse,":[264],"speakers":[266],"given":[269],"L1.":[270],"Overall,":[271],"study":[273],"shows":[274],"EML":[279],"can":[280],"be":[281],"valuable":[283],"tool":[284],"scholar":[287],"who":[288],"investigates":[289],"interlanguage":[290],"facts":[291],"transfer.":[294]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-25T14:56:36.534964","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}