{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4309112996","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqac067","title":"Is word length inaccurate for authorship attribution?","display_name":"Is word length inaccurate for authorship attribution?","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-11-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4309112996","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqac067"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/llc/fqac067","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqac067","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2734814886","display_name":"Digital Scholarship in the Humanities","issn_l":"2055-7671","issn":["2055-7671","2055-768X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital Scholarship in the Humanities","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100611610","display_name":"Wanwan Zheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4689-6044"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161296585","display_name":"Tokyo University of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/05sj3n476","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161296585"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wanwan Zheng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Science , 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku , Tokyo, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Engineering, Tokyo University of Science , 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku , Tokyo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161296585"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046812287","display_name":"Mingzhe Jin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6012-1379"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133984924","display_name":"Doshisha University","ror":"https://ror.org/01fxdkm29","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133984924"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mingzhe Jin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faulty of Culture and Information Science, Doshisha University , 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe-shi , Kyoto-fu, Japan"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6012-1379","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faulty of Culture and Information Science, Doshisha University , 1-3 Tatara Miyakodani, Kyotanabe-shi , Kyoto-fu, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133984924"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046812287"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133984924"],"apc_list":{"value":2754,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":3632},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2487,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63518793,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"38","issue":"2","first_page":"875","last_page":"890"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12380","display_name":"Authorship Attribution and Profiling","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12380","display_name":"Authorship Attribution and Profiling","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12262","display_name":"Hate Speech and Cyberbullying Detection","score":0.9666000008583069,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12970","display_name":"Names, Identity, and Discrimination Research","score":0.9616000056266785,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3312","display_name":"Sociology and Political Science"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bigram","display_name":"Bigram","score":0.8504488468170166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word","display_name":"Word (group theory)","score":0.7530727982521057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6981537938117981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6831575632095337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6007811427116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.5833871364593506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authorship-attribution","display_name":"Authorship attribution","score":0.4948682188987732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/style","display_name":"Style (visual arts)","score":0.49301859736442566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/word-length","display_name":"Word length","score":0.4510483145713806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/writing-style","display_name":"Writing style","score":0.4394891560077667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linguistics","display_name":"Linguistics","score":0.3951013684272766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.38190484046936035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history","display_name":"History","score":0.09944918751716614}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108757681","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2773912","display_name":"Bigram","level":3,"score":0.8504488468170166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90805587","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10944557","display_name":"Word (group theory)","level":2,"score":0.7530727982521057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6981537938117981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6831575632095337},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6007811427116394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.5833871364593506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020202489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2032038","display_name":"Authorship attribution","level":2,"score":0.4948682188987732},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776445246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1792644","display_name":"Style (visual arts)","level":2,"score":0.49301859736442566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019641298","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q625642","display_name":"Word length","level":2,"score":0.4510483145713806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13622073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2243831","display_name":"Writing style","level":2,"score":0.4394891560077667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.3951013684272766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.38190484046936035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.09944918751716614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137546455","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3213474","display_name":"Trigram","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C166957645","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23498","display_name":"Archaeology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/llc/fqac067","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqac067","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2734814886","display_name":"Digital Scholarship in the Humanities","issn_l":"2055-7671","issn":["2055-7671","2055-768X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital Scholarship in the Humanities","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8399999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5547951146","display_name":"Integrated Ensemble Learning with Embedded Vectors in Authorship Attribution","funder_award_id":"22K12726","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5928231991","display_name":"Emotions Driving Discourse and the Transformation of Fascism: Text Mining Analysis of German, Italian, French, and Japanese Sources","funder_award_id":"19KT0002","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","funder_display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334764","display_name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","ror":"https://ror.org/00hhkn466"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1500213082","https://openalex.org/W1523841156","https://openalex.org/W1964642694","https://openalex.org/W1976095474","https://openalex.org/W2006832571","https://openalex.org/W2018020626","https://openalex.org/W2026213932","https://openalex.org/W2041504988","https://openalex.org/W2046712666","https://openalex.org/W2054151502","https://openalex.org/W2113713916","https://openalex.org/W2282802219","https://openalex.org/W2313360958","https://openalex.org/W2325223723","https://openalex.org/W2600906272","https://openalex.org/W2605590134","https://openalex.org/W2787334243","https://openalex.org/W2808014614","https://openalex.org/W2899770910","https://openalex.org/W2974343296","https://openalex.org/W2983305436","https://openalex.org/W2987300935","https://openalex.org/W4206031910","https://openalex.org/W4220940005","https://openalex.org/W4293235257","https://openalex.org/W4294815652","https://openalex.org/W6629918381","https://openalex.org/W6748786646","https://openalex.org/W6756171881","https://openalex.org/W6842775197"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2197825247","https://openalex.org/W2068578356","https://openalex.org/W2610868728","https://openalex.org/W237537940","https://openalex.org/W2133478886","https://openalex.org/W1898422521","https://openalex.org/W2033995689","https://openalex.org/W4235762796","https://openalex.org/W1995096030","https://openalex.org/W3007882868"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Word":[1],"length":[2,55,100],"refers":[3],"to":[4,14,67,70],"a":[5,64],"feature":[6],"that":[7,49,123,138],"is":[8],"extracted":[9],"from":[10,111],"texts":[11,78,110],"and":[12,93,118,134,141,175],"used":[13],"characterize":[15],"authorial":[16,41],"style;":[17],"it":[18],"was":[19,105,125,159],"quantitatively":[20],"demonstrated":[21],"by":[22,87],"Mendenhall":[23],"(Mendenhall,":[24],"T.":[25],"C.,":[26],"1887,":[27],"The":[28,102,120],"characteristics":[29],"curves":[30],"of":[31,74,82,152,154,157],"composition.":[32],"Science,":[33],"IX:":[34],"237\u201349).":[35],"Many":[36],"similar":[37],"features":[38,133,158,168],"for":[39],"describing":[40],"style":[42],"have":[43],"been":[44],"proposed;":[45],"however,":[46],"research":[47],"indicates":[48],"compared":[50],"with":[51,58,97],"other":[52],"features,":[53],"word":[54,99,131,139],"identifies":[56],"authors":[57,114],"lower":[59],"accuracy.":[60],"This":[61],"study":[62],"proposes":[63],"feature,":[65],"referred":[66],"as":[68],"c-wordL,":[69],"improve":[71],"the":[72,80,89,98,129,150,165,171,177],"accuracy":[73],"authorship":[75],"attribution":[76],"in":[77,115,169],"through":[79],"classification":[81],"words":[83],"into":[84],"several":[85],"types":[86,96,156],"following":[88],"part-of-speech":[90],"(POS)":[91],"tags":[92],"combining":[94],"these":[95],"data.":[101],"proposed":[103],"method":[104],"tested":[106],"using":[107],"200":[108],"literary":[109],"ten":[112],"different":[113,155],"Japanese,":[116],"English,":[117],"Chinese.":[119],"results":[121],"indicated":[122],"c-wordL":[124,163],"more":[126],"accurate":[127],"than":[128],"existing":[130,166],"length-based":[132],"provided":[135],"useful":[136],"information":[137],"unigrams":[140],"POS":[142],"tag":[143],"bigrams":[144],"could":[145],"not":[146],"measure.":[147],"In":[148,161],"addition,":[149],"ease":[151],"interpretation":[153],"discussed.":[160],"summary,":[162],"outperformed":[164],"superior":[167],"explaining":[170],"distinct":[172],"writing":[173],"styles":[174],"identifying":[176],"authors.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}