{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3114567463","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqaa055","title":"Digital cultural colonialism: measuring bias in aggregated digitized content held in Google Arts and Culture","display_name":"Digital cultural colonialism: measuring bias in aggregated digitized content held in Google Arts and Culture","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-09-25","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3114567463","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqaa055","mag":"3114567463"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/llc/fqaa055","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqaa055","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2734814886","display_name":"Digital Scholarship in the Humanities","issn_l":"2055-7671","issn":["2055-7671","2055-768X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital Scholarship in the Humanities","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/files/172978587/KizhnerEtalDSH2020DigitalCulturalColonialism.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030902070","display_name":"Inna Kizhner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0775-9656"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4853710","display_name":"Siberian Federal University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fw97k56","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4853710"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Inna Kizhner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of IT in Creative and Cultural Industries, Siberian Federal University, Russia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of IT in Creative and Cultural Industries, Siberian Federal University, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4853710"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033582512","display_name":"Melissa Terras","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6496-3197"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98677209","display_name":"University of Edinburgh","ror":"https://ror.org/01nrxwf90","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Melissa Terras","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6496-3197","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Arts, Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98677209"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015319002","display_name":"Maxim Rumyantsev","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4853710","display_name":"Siberian Federal University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fw97k56","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4853710"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maxim Rumyantsev","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of IT in Creative and Cultural Industries, Siberian Federal University, Russia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of IT in Creative and Cultural Industries, Siberian Federal University, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4853710"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5039757550","display_name":"Valentina Khokhlova","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4853710","display_name":"Siberian Federal University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fw97k56","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4853710"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Valentina Khokhlova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of IT in Creative and Cultural Industries, Siberian Federal University, Russia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of IT in Creative and Cultural Industries, Siberian Federal University, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4853710"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027314791","display_name":"Elisaveta Demeshkova","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4853710","display_name":"Siberian Federal University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fw97k56","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4853710"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Elisaveta Demeshkova","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of IT in Creative and Cultural Industries, Siberian Federal University, Russia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of IT in Creative and Cultural Industries, Siberian Federal University, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4853710"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015779693","display_name":"Ivan Rudov","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9165-9219"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4853710","display_name":"Siberian Federal University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fw97k56","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4853710"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ivan Rudov","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of IT in Creative and Cultural Industries, Siberian Federal University, Russia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of IT in Creative and Cultural Industries, Siberian Federal University, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4853710"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044284958","display_name":"Julia Afanasieva","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4853710","display_name":"Siberian Federal University","ror":"https://ror.org/05fw97k56","country_code":"RU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4853710"]}],"countries":["RU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Julia Afanasieva","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of IT in Creative and Cultural Industries, Siberian Federal University, Russia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of IT in Creative and Cultural Industries, Siberian Federal University, Russia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4853710"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5030902070"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4853710"],"apc_list":{"value":2522,"currency":"GBP","value_usd":3093},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":58.6049,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":67,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99829954,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"36","issue":"3","first_page":"607","last_page":"640"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11462","display_name":"Museums and Cultural Heritage","score":0.965399980545044,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1209","display_name":"Museology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11462","display_name":"Museums and Cultural Heritage","score":0.965399980545044,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1209","display_name":"Museology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12650","display_name":"Aesthetic Perception and Analysis","score":0.9456999897956848,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13342","display_name":"Art History and Market Analysis","score":0.9434000253677368,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1213","display_name":"Visual Arts and Performing Arts"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/12","display_name":"Arts and Humanities"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/news-aggregator","display_name":"News aggregator","score":0.5744138956069946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/the-arts","display_name":"The arts","score":0.5637213587760925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transparency","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","score":0.5491467118263245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/colonialism","display_name":"Colonialism","score":0.5276172161102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/representation","display_name":"Representation (politics)","score":0.4675658345222473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dominance","display_name":"Dominance (genetics)","score":0.4612594544887543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/exhibition","display_name":"Exhibition","score":0.43068626523017883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/print-culture","display_name":"Print culture","score":0.41463425755500793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/art","display_name":"Art","score":0.3937387466430664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/history","display_name":"History","score":0.33336734771728516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-arts","display_name":"Visual arts","score":0.2982851266860962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.28266432881355286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/art-history","display_name":"Art history","score":0.24219340085983276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/world-wide-web","display_name":"World Wide Web","score":0.21357575058937073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.19047948718070984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/politics","display_name":"Politics","score":0.18059444427490234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.14701271057128906}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180505990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q498267","display_name":"News aggregator","level":2,"score":0.5744138956069946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70789860","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2018526","display_name":"The arts","level":2,"score":0.5637213587760925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780233690","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q535347","display_name":"Transparency (behavior)","level":2,"score":0.5491467118263245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C531593650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7167","display_name":"Colonialism","level":2,"score":0.5276172161102295},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776359362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2145286","display_name":"Representation (politics)","level":3,"score":0.4675658345222473},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151913843","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3454555","display_name":"Dominance (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.4612594544887543},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37531588","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q464980","display_name":"Exhibition","level":2,"score":0.43068626523017883},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779749002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7245268","display_name":"Print culture","level":2,"score":0.41463425755500793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.3937387466430664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95457728","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q309","display_name":"History","level":0,"score":0.33336734771728516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153349607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36649","display_name":"Visual arts","level":1,"score":0.2982851266860962},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.28266432881355286},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52119013","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50637","display_name":"Art history","level":1,"score":0.24219340085983276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136764020","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466","display_name":"World Wide Web","level":1,"score":0.21357575058937073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.19047948718070984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94625758","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7163","display_name":"Politics","level":2,"score":0.18059444427490234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.14701271057128906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/llc/fqaa055","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqaa055","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2734814886","display_name":"Digital Scholarship in the Humanities","issn_l":"2055-7671","issn":["2055-7671","2055-768X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Digital Scholarship in the Humanities","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.ed.ac.uk:publications/34a64a8d-f4b1-4e01-80f8-46612cd1765e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820/34a64a8d-f4b1-4e01-80f8-46612cd1765e","pdf_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/files/172978587/KizhnerEtalDSH2020DigitalCulturalColonialism.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922455","display_name":"Edinburgh Research Explorer","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Kizhner, I, Terras, M, Rumyantsev, M, Khokhlova, V, Demeshkova, E, Rudov, I & Afanasieva, J 2021, 'Digital cultural colonialism : Measuring bias in aggregated digitized content held in Google Arts and Culture', Digital Scholarship in the Humanities, vol. 36, no. 3, fqaa055, pp. 607-640. https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqaa055","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.ed.ac.uk:openaire/34a64a8d-f4b1-4e01-80f8-46612cd1765e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/en/publications/34a64a8d-f4b1-4e01-80f8-46612cd1765e","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922455","display_name":"Edinburgh Research Explorer","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Kizhner, I, Terras, M, Rumyantsev, M, Khokhlova, V, Demeshkova, E, Rudov, I & Afanasieva, J 2021, 'Digital cultural colonialism : Measuring bias in aggregated digitized content held in Google Arts and Culture', Digital Scholarship in the Humanities, vol. 36, no. 3, fqaa055, pp. 607-640. https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqaa055","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.ed.ac.uk:publications/34a64a8d-f4b1-4e01-80f8-46612cd1765e","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://academic.oup.com/dsh/advance-article/doi/10.1093/llc/fqaa055/6042086","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922455","display_name":"Edinburgh Research Explorer","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":""}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.ed.ac.uk:publications/34a64a8d-f4b1-4e01-80f8-46612cd1765e","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11820/34a64a8d-f4b1-4e01-80f8-46612cd1765e","pdf_url":"https://www.research.ed.ac.uk/files/172978587/KizhnerEtalDSH2020DigitalCulturalColonialism.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922455","display_name":"Edinburgh Research Explorer","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Kizhner, I, Terras, M, Rumyantsev, M, Khokhlova, V, Demeshkova, E, Rudov, I & Afanasieva, J 2021, 'Digital cultural colonialism : Measuring bias in aggregated digitized content held in Google Arts and Culture', Digital Scholarship in the Humanities, vol. 36, no. 3, fqaa055, pp. 607-640. https://doi.org/10.1093/llc/fqaa055","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.550000011920929,"display_name":"Sustainable cities and communities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/11"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3114567463.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W3114567463.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":112,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W149637467","https://openalex.org/W189725101","https://openalex.org/W205260337","https://openalex.org/W324663801","https://openalex.org/W419149097","https://openalex.org/W597705160","https://openalex.org/W631878892","https://openalex.org/W647362930","https://openalex.org/W1515737920","https://openalex.org/W1521846482","https://openalex.org/W1541546856","https://openalex.org/W1552187289","https://openalex.org/W1584455918","https://openalex.org/W1925095433","https://openalex.org/W1969561672","https://openalex.org/W1971883557","https://openalex.org/W1983523786","https://openalex.org/W1991355688","https://openalex.org/W1997451100","https://openalex.org/W1998673730","https://openalex.org/W2006613335","https://openalex.org/W2013432926","https://openalex.org/W2043832326","https://openalex.org/W2059460888","https://openalex.org/W2061198241","https://openalex.org/W2081469305","https://openalex.org/W2093173948","https://openalex.org/W2100290037","https://openalex.org/W2104029145","https://openalex.org/W2114092259","https://openalex.org/W2119885359","https://openalex.org/W2121393013","https://openalex.org/W2125350339","https://openalex.org/W2148259819","https://openalex.org/W2151715372","https://openalex.org/W2159374708","https://openalex.org/W2226131182","https://openalex.org/W2298725699","https://openalex.org/W2314333386","https://openalex.org/W2324439101","https://openalex.org/W2331924221","https://openalex.org/W2391083233","https://openalex.org/W2419373292","https://openalex.org/W2472684153","https://openalex.org/W2484258176","https://openalex.org/W2488845447","https://openalex.org/W2499741213","https://openalex.org/W2538000766","https://openalex.org/W2566715782","https://openalex.org/W2594450190","https://openalex.org/W2621358468","https://openalex.org/W2629221141","https://openalex.org/W2753045094","https://openalex.org/W2783532463","https://openalex.org/W2784129847","https://openalex.org/W2788611074","https://openalex.org/W2790567261","https://openalex.org/W2793932237","https://openalex.org/W2796001423","https://openalex.org/W2810137296","https://openalex.org/W2811457182","https://openalex.org/W2891692130","https://openalex.org/W2892248492","https://openalex.org/W2893425640","https://openalex.org/W2898970033","https://openalex.org/W2900495251","https://openalex.org/W2901338755","https://openalex.org/W2910917352","https://openalex.org/W2913707464","https://openalex.org/W2915449200","https://openalex.org/W2917235889","https://openalex.org/W2922335598","https://openalex.org/W2935719450","https://openalex.org/W2950772905","https://openalex.org/W2952043975","https://openalex.org/W2954197146","https://openalex.org/W2954902623","https://openalex.org/W2971919927","https://openalex.org/W2992839892","https://openalex.org/W2999334860","https://openalex.org/W3005206189","https://openalex.org/W3007897304","https://openalex.org/W3013531464","https://openalex.org/W3083198552","https://openalex.org/W3121230774","https://openalex.org/W3125252213","https://openalex.org/W3132582482","https://openalex.org/W3145319549","https://openalex.org/W3197718025","https://openalex.org/W3198226904","https://openalex.org/W3210709575","https://openalex.org/W4210969850","https://openalex.org/W4214854053","https://openalex.org/W4229781645","https://openalex.org/W4234217315","https://openalex.org/W4238443837","https://openalex.org/W4240042141","https://openalex.org/W4247501395","https://openalex.org/W4247603135","https://openalex.org/W4248484834","https://openalex.org/W4249673087","https://openalex.org/W4250133908","https://openalex.org/W4254961713","https://openalex.org/W4288996775","https://openalex.org/W4299445782","https://openalex.org/W4300878335","https://openalex.org/W4384472302","https://openalex.org/W6722767448","https://openalex.org/W6723829013","https://openalex.org/W6752519019","https://openalex.org/W6763793883","https://openalex.org/W6803579866"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2329413465","https://openalex.org/W2283040859","https://openalex.org/W2302196139","https://openalex.org/W4236530506","https://openalex.org/W2364392980","https://openalex.org/W2272957915","https://openalex.org/W4239601032","https://openalex.org/W2938382098","https://openalex.org/W2370337127","https://openalex.org/W2386021709"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"In":[1],"February":[2],"2011,":[3],"Google":[4,7,13],"launched":[5],"its":[6],"Art":[8],"Project,":[9],"now":[10],"known":[11],"as":[12],"Arts":[14],"and":[15,51,77,81,99,200,220,223],"Culture":[16],"(GA&C),":[17],"that":[18,42,90,149,202],"currently":[19],"hosts":[20],"approximately":[21],"six":[22],"million":[23],"high-resolution":[24],"images":[25],"of":[26,69,85,106,126,144,159,170,175,194,197],"artworks":[27,53,107,136],"from":[28,58,108,116,128,233],"around":[29],"the":[30,59,72,86,93,104,129,180,187,224,230],"world,":[31],"with":[32,74,132,182],"an":[33,190],"objective":[34],"to":[35,154,167,228],"make":[36],"culture":[37],"more":[38],"accessible.":[39],"We":[40,210],"demonstrate":[41],"GA&C":[43],"has":[44],"experienced":[45],"dramatic":[46],"growth":[47],"in":[48,71,92,112,140,179,186,206],"recent":[49],"years":[50],"includes":[52],"for":[54,212,226],"almost":[55],"every":[56],"country":[57],"UN":[60],"member":[61],"list.":[62],"However,":[63],"we":[64,102,122,150],"document":[65],"a":[66,82,124,138,168,183],"noticeable":[67],"lack":[68,169],"balance":[70],"aggregator,":[73],"some":[75,133],"countries":[76,181],"institutions":[78],"being":[79],"prioritized,":[80],"major":[83],"proportion":[84],"holdings":[87],"featuring":[88],"content":[89,178],"resides":[91],"USA.":[94],"Moreover,":[95],"after":[96],"examining":[97],"Russian":[98],"French":[100],"collections,":[101],"see":[103],"dominance":[105,125],"their":[109,218],"capital":[110],"cities":[111],"GA&C,":[113],"while":[114],"art":[115,127,198],"provinces":[117],"is":[118],"clearly":[119],"underrepresented.":[120],"Finally,":[121],"find":[123],"20th":[130],"century":[131],"emphasis":[134],"on":[135,217],"demonstrating":[137],"break":[139],"canon":[141],"or":[142,173,189],"\u2018otherness\u2019":[143],"non-Western":[145],"countries.":[146],"The":[147],"discrepancies":[148],"observe":[151],"give":[152],"evidence":[153],"support":[155],"previously":[156,176],"posited":[157],"ideas":[158],"digital":[160,192],"cultural":[161],"colonialism.":[162],"This":[163],"may":[164],"be":[165],"due":[166],"data":[171],"transparency":[172],"availability":[174],"digitized":[177,235],"lower":[184],"representation":[185],"portal,":[188],"unintentional":[191],"amplification":[193],"conventional":[195],"traditions":[196],"collection":[199,219],"interpretation":[201],"dominate":[203],"museum":[204],"displays":[205],"larger":[207],"Western":[208],"cities.":[209],"call":[211],"explicit":[213],"statement":[214],"by":[215],"platforms":[216],"selection":[221],"criteria":[222],"need":[225],"researchers":[227],"understand":[229],"biases":[231],"emerging":[232],"aggregated":[234],"content.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-13T07:54:00.901334","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}