{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7126052147","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jigpal/jzaf021","title":"Enhancing web traffic attacks identification through ensemble methods and feature selection","display_name":"Enhancing web traffic attacks identification through ensemble methods and feature selection","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-04-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7126052147","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jigpal/jzaf021"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/jigpal/jzaf021","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jigpal/jzaf021","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2734381524","display_name":"Logic Journal of IGPL","issn_l":"1367-0751","issn":["1367-0751","1368-9894"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Logic Journal of the IGPL","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5117545637","display_name":"Daniel URD\u0102","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0006-5615-8271"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46176106","display_name":"Universidad de Burgos","ror":"https://ror.org/049da5t36","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46176106"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Urda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Grupo de Inteligencia Computacional Aplicada (GICAP) , Departamento de Digitalizaci\u00f3n, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior, Universidad de Burgos, Av. Cantabria s/n, 09006, Burgos, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grupo de Inteligencia Computacional Aplicada (GICAP) , Departamento de Digitalizaci\u00f3n, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior, Universidad de Burgos, Av. Cantabria s/n, 09006, Burgos, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46176106"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5041732270","display_name":"B. Gutierrez Martinez","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46176106","display_name":"Universidad de Burgos","ror":"https://ror.org/049da5t36","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46176106"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Branly Mart\u00ednez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Grupo de Inteligencia Computacional Aplicada (GICAP) , Departamento de Digitalizaci\u00f3n, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior, Universidad de Burgos, Av. Cantabria s/n, 09006, Burgos, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grupo de Inteligencia Computacional Aplicada (GICAP) , Departamento de Digitalizaci\u00f3n, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior, Universidad de Burgos, Av. Cantabria s/n, 09006, Burgos, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46176106"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121791492","display_name":"Nu\u00f1o Basurto","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46176106","display_name":"Universidad de Burgos","ror":"https://ror.org/049da5t36","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46176106"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nu\u00f1o Basurto","raw_affiliation_strings":["Grupo de Inteligencia Computacional Aplicada (GICAP) , Departamento de Digitalizaci\u00f3n, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior, Universidad de Burgos, Av. Cantabria s/n, 09006, Burgos, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grupo de Inteligencia Computacional Aplicada (GICAP) , Departamento de Digitalizaci\u00f3n, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior, Universidad de Burgos, Av. Cantabria s/n, 09006, Burgos, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46176106"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087318731","display_name":"Meelis Kull","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9257-595X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56085075","display_name":"University of Tartu","ror":"https://ror.org/03z77qz90","country_code":"EE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56085075"]}],"countries":["EE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Meelis Kull","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Computer Science , University of Tartu, Estonia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Computer Science , University of Tartu, Estonia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56085075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123190883","display_name":"Angel Arroyo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46176106","display_name":"Universidad de Burgos","ror":"https://ror.org/049da5t36","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46176106"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u00c1ngel Arroyo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Grupo de Inteligencia Computacional Aplicada (GICAP) , Departamento de Digitalizaci\u00f3n, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior, Universidad de Burgos, Av. Cantabria s/n, 09006, Burgos, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grupo de Inteligencia Computacional Aplicada (GICAP) , Departamento de Digitalizaci\u00f3n, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior, Universidad de Burgos, Av. Cantabria s/n, 09006, Burgos, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46176106"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5123211155","display_name":"Alvaro Herrero","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I46176106","display_name":"Universidad de Burgos","ror":"https://ror.org/049da5t36","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I46176106"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"\u00c1lvaro Herrero","raw_affiliation_strings":["Grupo de Inteligencia Computacional Aplicada (GICAP) , Departamento de Digitalizaci\u00f3n, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior, Universidad de Burgos, Av. Cantabria s/n, 09006, Burgos, Spain"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Grupo de Inteligencia Computacional Aplicada (GICAP) , Departamento de Digitalizaci\u00f3n, Escuela Polit\u00e9cnica Superior, Universidad de Burgos, Av. Cantabria s/n, 09006, Burgos, Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I46176106"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":4151,"currency":"USD","value_usd":4151},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.80589136,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"34","issue":"1","first_page":null,"last_page":null},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.6718000173568726,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11598","display_name":"Internet Traffic Analysis and Secure E-voting","score":0.6718000173568726,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12479","display_name":"Web Application Security Vulnerabilities","score":0.12540000677108765,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11644","display_name":"Spam and Phishing Detection","score":0.06030000001192093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-selection","display_name":"Feature selection","score":0.7836999893188477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.7656000256538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-learning","display_name":"Ensemble learning","score":0.6775000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robustness","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","score":0.6608999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5814999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ensemble-forecasting","display_name":"Ensemble forecasting","score":0.5217999815940857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/web-traffic","display_name":"Web traffic","score":0.5084999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5073000192642212}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148483581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q446488","display_name":"Feature selection","level":2,"score":0.7836999893188477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.7656000256538391},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7572000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45942800","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245652","display_name":"Ensemble learning","level":2,"score":0.6775000095367432},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.6608999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.590499997138977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5814999938011169},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.5390999913215637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119898033","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3433888","display_name":"Ensemble forecasting","level":2,"score":0.5217999815940857},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5210999846458435},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777672014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172573","display_name":"Web traffic","level":3,"score":0.5084999799728394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5073000192642212},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12725497","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q810247","display_name":"Baseline (sea)","level":2,"score":0.4828999936580658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.4108999967575073},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.39980000257492065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81917197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628760","display_name":"Selection (genetic algorithm)","level":2,"score":0.3939000070095062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.33640000224113464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110083411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1744628","display_name":"Statistical classification","level":2,"score":0.3050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169988225","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832484","display_name":"Traffic classification","level":3,"score":0.2946999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781317605","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832483","display_name":"Traffic analysis","level":2,"score":0.28859999775886536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.28369998931884766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C83665646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q42139305","display_name":"Feature vector","level":2,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.262800008058548}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/jigpal/jzaf021","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jigpal/jzaf021","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2734381524","display_name":"Logic Journal of IGPL","issn_l":"1367-0751","issn":["1367-0751","1368-9894"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Logic Journal of the IGPL","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W835698821","https://openalex.org/W1534477342","https://openalex.org/W1660903906","https://openalex.org/W1999673860","https://openalex.org/W2024673222","https://openalex.org/W2096149767","https://openalex.org/W2104692292","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2464234006","https://openalex.org/W2766196489","https://openalex.org/W2810550035","https://openalex.org/W2898280479","https://openalex.org/W2901969391","https://openalex.org/W2905810301","https://openalex.org/W3009253820","https://openalex.org/W3013564133","https://openalex.org/W3028069824","https://openalex.org/W3046349118","https://openalex.org/W3048836559","https://openalex.org/W3088766396","https://openalex.org/W3098596104","https://openalex.org/W3129586599","https://openalex.org/W3154297256","https://openalex.org/W4225165893","https://openalex.org/W4225982685","https://openalex.org/W4229053199","https://openalex.org/W4239510810","https://openalex.org/W4285308793","https://openalex.org/W4297035169","https://openalex.org/W4308327417","https://openalex.org/W4322505718","https://openalex.org/W4323688046","https://openalex.org/W4380633773"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Websites,":[1],"as":[2,63,115],"essential":[3],"digital":[4],"assets,":[5],"are":[6],"highly":[7],"vulnerable":[8],"to":[9,26,43],"cyberattacks":[10],"because":[11],"of":[12,21,30,109,125,133],"their":[13],"high":[14],"traffic":[15,32,151],"volume":[16],"and":[17,67,73,82,119],"the":[18,28,51,90,106,123,131],"significant":[19],"impact":[20],"breaches.":[22],"This":[23,128],"study":[24,129],"aims":[25],"enhance":[27,122],"identification":[29],"web":[31,58,150],"attacks":[33],"by":[34,96],"leveraging":[35],"machine":[36],"learning":[37],"techniques.":[38],"A":[39],"methodology":[40],"was":[41],"proposed":[42],"extract":[44],"relevant":[45],"features":[46],"from":[47],"HTTP":[48],"traces":[49],"using":[50],"CSIC2010":[52],"v2":[53],"dataset,":[54],"which":[55],"simulates":[56],"e-commerce":[57],"traffic.":[59],"Ensemble":[60],"methods,":[61],"such":[62,114],"Random":[64],"Forest":[65],"(RF)":[66],"Extreme":[68],"Gradient":[69],"Boosting,":[70],"were":[71],"employed":[72],"compared":[74],"against":[75],"baseline":[76,94],"classifiers,":[77],"including":[78],"k-nearest":[79],"Neighbor,":[80],"LASSO,":[81,118],"Support":[83],"Vector":[84],"Machines.":[85],"The":[86],"results":[87],"demonstrate":[88],"that":[89],"ensemble":[91,134],"methods":[92,113],"outperform":[93],"classifiers":[95],"approximately":[97],"20%":[98],"in":[99,136,152],"predictive":[100],"accuracy,":[101],"achieving":[102],"an":[103],"Area":[104],"Under":[105],"ROC":[107],"Curve":[108],"0.989.":[110],"Feature":[111],"selection":[112],"Information":[116],"Gain,":[117],"RF":[120],"further":[121],"robustness":[124],"these":[126],"models.":[127],"highlights":[130],"efficacy":[132],"models":[135],"improving":[137],"attack":[138],"detection":[139],"while":[140],"minimizing":[141],"performance":[142],"variability,":[143],"offering":[144],"a":[145],"practical":[146],"framework":[147],"for":[148],"securing":[149],"diverse":[153],"application":[154],"contexts.":[155]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2026-01-30T00:00:00"}
