{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7162512282","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jcde/qwag052","title":"Keyword-RAG: Enhancing precision in question-answering for FDM troubleshooting from technical documents","display_name":"Keyword-RAG: Enhancing precision in question-answering for FDM troubleshooting from technical documents","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-27","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7162512282","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jcde/qwag052"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/jcde/qwag052","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jcde/qwag052","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485147958","display_name":"Journal of Computational Design and Engineering","issn_l":"2288-4300","issn":["2288-4300","2288-5048"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computational Design and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jcde/qwag052","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5121650000","display_name":"Jingu Kang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24062138","display_name":"Konkuk University","ror":"https://ror.org/025h1m602","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24062138"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091929","display_name":"Konkuk University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00jcx1769","country_code":"KR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24062138","https://openalex.org/I4210091929"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jingu Kang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Konkuk University Department of Industrial Engineering, , Seoul 05029 ,"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Konkuk University Department of Industrial Engineering, , Seoul 05029 ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24062138","https://openalex.org/I4210091929"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038798784","display_name":"Hyungjung Kim","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0895-6886"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I24062138","display_name":"Konkuk University","ror":"https://ror.org/025h1m602","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24062138"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091929","display_name":"Konkuk University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/00jcx1769","country_code":"KR","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I24062138","https://openalex.org/I4210091929"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Hyungjung Kim","raw_affiliation_strings":["Konkuk University Department of Industrial Engineering, , Seoul 05029 ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0895-6886","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Konkuk University Department of Industrial Engineering, , Seoul 05029 ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24062138","https://openalex.org/I4210091929"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5038798784"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I24062138","https://openalex.org/I4210091929"],"apc_list":{"value":1650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1650},"apc_paid":{"value":1650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1650},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66912341,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"6","first_page":"68","last_page":"82"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.21580000221729279,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.21580000221729279,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10286","display_name":"Information Retrieval and Search Behavior","score":0.15760000050067902,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13083","display_name":"Advanced Text Analysis Techniques","score":0.14869999885559082,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/troubleshooting","display_name":"Troubleshooting","score":0.909500002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/precision-and-recall","display_name":"Precision and recall","score":0.5404999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.48190000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","score":0.4787999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.3953000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chunking","display_name":"Chunking (psychology)","score":0.3400000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.3370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.3197000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/domain-knowledge","display_name":"Domain knowledge","score":0.31869998574256897}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147494362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2078905","display_name":"Troubleshooting","level":2,"score":0.909500002861023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6949999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81669768","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2359161","display_name":"Precision and recall","level":2,"score":0.5404999852180481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.48190000653266907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36503486","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11235244","display_name":"Domain (mathematical analysis)","level":2,"score":0.4787999987602234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C23123220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816826","display_name":"Information retrieval","level":1,"score":0.4514999985694885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.3953000009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3824999928474426},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.36169999837875366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115903868","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q80993","display_name":"Software engineering","level":1,"score":0.34119999408721924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203357204","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1089605","display_name":"Chunking (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3400000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3370000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.3197000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C207685749","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2088941","display_name":"Domain knowledge","level":2,"score":0.31869998574256897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C191015642","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132459","display_name":"Fragmentation (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3174999952316284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780841897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25349015","display_name":"Digital manufacturing","level":2,"score":0.3050000071525574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126082660","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4252370","display_name":"Digital transformation","level":2,"score":0.30070000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2946999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.28850001096725464},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779145975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q347690","display_name":"Workbench","level":3,"score":0.2800000011920929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165064840","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321061","display_name":"Matching (statistics)","level":2,"score":0.27619999647140503},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.272599995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.26739999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174183944","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q334661","display_name":"MIT License","level":3,"score":0.26460000872612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C200601418","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2193887","display_name":"Reliability engineering","level":1,"score":0.2614000141620636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184337299","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1437428","display_name":"Semantics (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.260699987411499},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C313442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q778556","display_name":"Persona","level":2,"score":0.25949999690055847},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776459999","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2119376","display_name":"Fidelity","level":2,"score":0.2572000026702881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4554734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q593744","display_name":"Knowledge base","level":2,"score":0.2558000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204241405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q461499","display_name":"Transformation (genetics)","level":3,"score":0.2522999942302704}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/jcde/qwag052","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jcde/qwag052","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485147958","display_name":"Journal of Computational Design and Engineering","issn_l":"2288-4300","issn":["2288-4300","2288-5048"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computational Design and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/jcde/qwag052","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jcde/qwag052","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485147958","display_name":"Journal of Computational Design and Engineering","issn_l":"2288-4300","issn":["2288-4300","2288-5048"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computational Design and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321372","display_name":"Konkuk University","ror":"https://ror.org/025h1m602"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321681","display_name":"Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy","ror":"https://ror.org/008nkqk13"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":33,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2062489990","https://openalex.org/W2079304821","https://openalex.org/W2803231575","https://openalex.org/W3027879771","https://openalex.org/W3034218205","https://openalex.org/W4206198823","https://openalex.org/W4290087612","https://openalex.org/W4306751741","https://openalex.org/W4309487475","https://openalex.org/W4324316215","https://openalex.org/W4380353763","https://openalex.org/W4389984066","https://openalex.org/W4391241989","https://openalex.org/W4394000913","https://openalex.org/W4396498556","https://openalex.org/W4396693427","https://openalex.org/W4399142891","https://openalex.org/W4401813696","https://openalex.org/W4407598256","https://openalex.org/W4408744388","https://openalex.org/W4408982942","https://openalex.org/W4409644044","https://openalex.org/W4410294846","https://openalex.org/W4411630045","https://openalex.org/W4411669573","https://openalex.org/W4413442564","https://openalex.org/W4415795407","https://openalex.org/W4416728630","https://openalex.org/W4416998949","https://openalex.org/W4417098961","https://openalex.org/W4417463635","https://openalex.org/W7117724872","https://openalex.org/W7128363597"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"With":[1],"accelerating":[2],"digital":[3],"transformation":[4],"in":[5,74,153,177,212,220],"manufacturing,":[6],"large":[7],"language":[8],"models":[9],"(LLMs)":[10],"are":[11,25,184],"increasingly":[12],"being":[13],"considered":[14],"for":[15,19,163],"leveraging":[16],"domain-specific":[17,106],"knowledge":[18,38],"decision-making":[20,199],"and":[21,68,77,109,135,144,158,189,201],"problem-solving.":[22],"However,":[23,60],"LLMs":[24],"prone":[26],"to":[27,82,111,187],"exhibiting":[28],"hallucination":[29],"when":[30,80],"dealing":[31],"with":[32,85,129],"external":[33,56],"information":[34,78],"or":[35],"specialized":[36],"domain":[37,83],"that":[39,54,104,124,170],"falls":[40],"beyond":[41],"their":[42],"training":[43],"scope.":[44],"To":[45,92],"mitigate":[46],"this":[47,94,96],"issue,":[48],"a":[49,100,118,130,136],"retrieval-augmented":[50],"generation":[51],"(RAG)":[52],"approach":[53,208],"incorporates":[55],"documents":[57,84],"is":[58],"used.":[59],"conventional":[61],"RAG":[62],"approaches":[63],"rely":[64],"on":[65],"document":[66,180],"chunking":[67],"similarity-based":[69],"retrieval,":[70],"which":[71],"often":[72],"result":[73],"semantic":[75,113],"fragmentation":[76],"loss":[79],"applied":[81],"extended":[86],"contexts,":[87],"thereby":[88],"reducing":[89],"retrieval":[90,196],"accuracy.":[91],"overcome":[93],"problem,":[95],"study":[97],"proposes":[98],"Keyword-RAG,":[99],"novel":[101],"RAG-based":[102],"method":[103,173],"integrates":[105],"keyword":[107],"extraction":[108],"insertion":[110],"preserve":[112],"coherence.":[114],"Experimental":[115],"evaluations":[116],"using":[117],"3D":[119,164],"printing":[120,165],"troubleshooting":[121,203],"guide":[122],"demonstrated":[123],"Keyword-RAG":[125],"achieved":[126],"superior":[127],"performance,":[128],"context":[131,137],"recall":[132],"of":[133,139],"0.728":[134],"precision":[138],"0.599,":[140],"significantly":[141],"outperforming":[142],"Naive-RAG":[143],"Rerank-RAG.":[145],"A":[146],"qualitative":[147],"evaluation":[148],"further":[149],"confirmed":[150],"its":[151],"superiority":[152],"identifying":[154],"complex":[155],"causal":[156],"relationships":[157],"providing":[159],"technically":[160],"accurate":[161],"solutions":[162],"defects.":[166],"These":[167,182],"results":[168],"indicate":[169],"the":[171,206],"proposed":[172,207],"improves":[174],"response":[175],"quality":[176],"unstructured":[178],"technical":[179],"environments.":[181],"improvements":[183],"particularly":[185],"relevant":[186],"small":[188],"medium-sized":[190],"manufacturing":[191,222],"enterprises,":[192],"where":[193],"accurate,":[194],"context-rich":[195],"can":[197,209],"enhance":[198],"reliability":[200],"reduce":[202],"time.":[204],"Furthermore,":[205],"be":[210],"deployed":[211],"standard":[213],"on-premises":[214],"computing":[215],"environments,":[216],"supporting":[217],"practical":[218],"use":[219],"real-world":[221],"settings.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-20T07:56:41.581041","created_date":"2026-05-28T00:00:00"}
