{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7161536100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jcde/qwag049","title":"GLODS-SI: Scale-invariant global\u2013local direct search for engineering design optimization","display_name":"GLODS-SI: Scale-invariant global\u2013local direct search for engineering design optimization","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-05-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7161536100","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jcde/qwag049"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/jcde/qwag049","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jcde/qwag049","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485147958","display_name":"Journal of Computational Design and Engineering","issn_l":"2288-4300","issn":["2288-4300","2288-5048"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computational Design and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jcde/qwag049","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5136427477","display_name":"Jos\u00e9 F A Madeira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9523-3808"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I121345201","display_name":"Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o e Desenvolvimento","ror":"https://ror.org/04mqy3p58","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I121345201","https://openalex.org/I4210125590"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203847022","display_name":"Instituto Polit\u00e9cnico de Lisboa","ror":"https://ror.org/04ea70f07","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203847022"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"J F A Madeira","raw_affiliation_strings":["IDMEC-IST, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais , 1040-001 Lisboa ,","ISEL\u2013IPL, Rua Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro , 1, 1959-007 Lisboa ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9523-3808","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IDMEC-IST, Instituto Superior T\u00e9cnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais , 1040-001 Lisboa ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121345201"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"ISEL\u2013IPL, Rua Conselheiro Em\u00eddio Navarro , 1, 1959-007 Lisboa ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203847022"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5136427477"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I121345201","https://openalex.org/I203847022"],"apc_list":{"value":1650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1650},"apc_paid":{"value":1650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1650},"fwci":15.9196,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.98932367,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"6","first_page":"50","last_page":"70"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10848","display_name":"Advanced Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithms","score":0.34779998660087585,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10848","display_name":"Advanced Multi-Objective Optimization Algorithms","score":0.34779998660087585,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1703","display_name":"Computational Theory and Mathematics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11115","display_name":"Topology Optimization in Engineering","score":0.2750000059604645,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2205","display_name":"Civil and Structural Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10963","display_name":"Advanced Optimization Algorithms Research","score":0.09229999780654907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2612","display_name":"Numerical Analysis"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/26","display_name":"Mathematics"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.76419997215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmarking","display_name":"Benchmarking","score":0.6807000041007996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scaling","display_name":"Scaling","score":0.6366999745368958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.5680999755859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoupling","display_name":"Decoupling (probability)","score":0.5365999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/variable","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","score":0.46799999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dimensionless-quantity","display_name":"Dimensionless quantity","score":0.4478999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convergence","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","score":0.43290001153945923}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.76419997215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86251818","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q816754","display_name":"Benchmarking","level":2,"score":0.6807000041007996},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99844830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102441924","display_name":"Scaling","level":2,"score":0.6366999745368958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126255220","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141495","display_name":"Mathematical optimization","level":1,"score":0.5913000106811523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.5680999755859375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205606062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5249645","display_name":"Decoupling (probability)","level":2,"score":0.5365999937057495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5138999819755554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182365436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50701","display_name":"Variable (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.46799999475479126},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24872484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126818","display_name":"Dimensionless quantity","level":2,"score":0.4478999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777303404","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759757","display_name":"Convergence (economics)","level":2,"score":0.43290001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.4203000068664551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137836250","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q984063","display_name":"Optimization problem","level":2,"score":0.3995000123977661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79581498","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1367530","display_name":"Suite","level":2,"score":0.3571999967098236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778755073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10858537","display_name":"Scale (ratio)","level":2,"score":0.3449999988079071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164752517","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5570875","display_name":"Global optimization","level":2,"score":0.3343000113964081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.32330000400543213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34559072","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2334061","display_name":"Design of experiments","level":2,"score":0.30889999866485596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57869625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1783502","display_name":"Rate of convergence","level":3,"score":0.30169999599456787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C92995354","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165499","display_name":"Continuous optimization","level":4,"score":0.2879999876022339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C14036430","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3736076","display_name":"Function (biology)","level":2,"score":0.28200000524520874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63479239","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7353546","display_name":"Robustness (evolution)","level":3,"score":0.27630001306533813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52692508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1333872","display_name":"Combinatorial optimization","level":2,"score":0.2718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55439883","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q360812","display_name":"Correctness","level":2,"score":0.26409998536109924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C122123141","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176623","display_name":"Random variable","level":2,"score":0.25699999928474426}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/jcde/qwag049","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jcde/qwag049","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485147958","display_name":"Journal of Computational Design and Engineering","issn_l":"2288-4300","issn":["2288-4300","2288-5048"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computational Design and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/jcde/qwag049","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jcde/qwag049","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485147958","display_name":"Journal of Computational Design and Engineering","issn_l":"2288-4300","issn":["2288-4300","2288-5048"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computational Design and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334779","display_name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","ror":"https://ror.org/00snfqn58"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1551360398","https://openalex.org/W1557980267","https://openalex.org/W1595159159","https://openalex.org/W1982532564","https://openalex.org/W2044973463","https://openalex.org/W2057830724","https://openalex.org/W2092070658","https://openalex.org/W2124548165","https://openalex.org/W2130788193","https://openalex.org/W2521070121","https://openalex.org/W2587115487","https://openalex.org/W2894005200","https://openalex.org/W2920166587","https://openalex.org/W4283025888","https://openalex.org/W4396846553","https://openalex.org/W4410782157","https://openalex.org/W4412476115"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Engineering":[1],"design":[2],"optimization":[3,71,77],"frequently":[4],"involves":[5],"decision":[6],"variables":[7],"spanning":[8],"disparate":[9],"physical":[10],"scales,":[11],"such":[12,32],"as":[13,47],"spatial":[14],"coordinates":[15,103],"in":[16,22,101,111],"millimetres":[17],"coexisting":[18],"with":[19,167,203],"electrical":[20],"resistances":[21],"kilohms,":[23],"or":[24],"dimensionless":[25,126],"material":[26],"fractions":[27],"alongside":[28],"dimensional":[29],"thicknesses.":[30],"Under":[31],"heterogeneity,":[33],"derivative-free":[34,75,208],"optimizers":[35],"that":[36,118,179],"rely":[37],"on":[38,174],"absolute":[39],"distances":[40],"for":[41,137,158],"algorithmic":[42,88],"decisions":[43],"tend":[44],"to":[45,170,196],"degrade,":[46],"step":[48],"sizes":[49],"and":[50,69,97,120,132,152,224],"proximity":[51],"tests":[52],"become":[53],"biased":[54],"toward":[55],"large-range":[56],"variables.":[57,114],"This":[58,115],"paper":[59],"presents":[60],"GLODS-SI,":[61],"a":[62,81,86,154,205],"scale-invariant":[63],"reformulation":[64,142],"of":[65,129,147,214],"the":[66,112,135,148,192,212,217,230],"GLODS":[67,150],"(global":[68],"local":[70],"using":[72],"direct":[73],"search)":[74],"global":[76],"framework.":[78],"Rather":[79],"than":[80],"pre-processing":[82],"normalization,":[83],"GLODS-SI":[84,180,215,232],"adopts":[85],"two-space":[87],"formulation:":[89],"all":[90,144,188],"geometric":[91],"operations\u2014trial-point":[92],"generation,":[93],"polling,":[94],"distance":[95],"computations,":[96],"merging":[98,121],"decisions\u2014are":[99],"performed":[100],"normalized":[102],"$[0,1]^n$,":[104],"while":[105],"objective":[106],"evaluations":[107],"are":[108,227],"carried":[109],"out":[110],"original":[113,149,193],"decoupling":[116],"ensures":[117],"step-size":[119],"parameters":[122],"acquire":[123],"an":[124],"intrinsic,":[125],"meaning":[127],"independent":[128],"variable":[130],"units":[131],"ranges,":[133],"eliminating":[134],"need":[136],"problem-specific":[138],"parameter":[139],"tuning.":[140],"The":[141,221],"preserves":[143],"convergence":[145],"guarantees":[146],"framework,":[151],"introduces":[153],"reproducible":[155],"benchmarking":[156],"methodology":[157],"evaluating":[159],"scale":[160],"sensitivity,":[161],"including":[162],"seven":[163],"deterministic":[164],"scaling":[165,189,222],"strategies":[166],"contrasts":[168],"up":[169],"$10^8$.":[171],"Numerical":[172],"experiments":[173],"63":[175],"benchmark":[176,225],"problems":[177],"show":[178],"maintains":[181],"consistently":[182],"high":[183],"success":[184],"rates":[185],"(84\u201391%)":[186],"across":[187],"regimes,":[190],"whereas":[191],"formulation":[194],"degrades":[195],"70\u201384%":[197],"under":[198,216],"heterogeneous":[199],"scales.":[200],"A":[201],"comparison":[202],"NOMAD,":[204],"widely":[206],"used":[207],"solver,":[209],"further":[210],"confirms":[211],"competitiveness":[213],"full":[218],"evaluation":[219],"budget.":[220],"toolkit":[223],"suite":[226],"publicly":[228],"available;":[229],"complete":[231],"implementation":[233],"will":[234],"be":[235],"released":[236],"upon":[237],"acceptance.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-31T08:31:51.225901","created_date":"2026-05-19T00:00:00"}