{"id":"https://openalex.org/W7135244292","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jcde/qwag024","title":"The application of a deep reinforcement learning method in performance-based building renovation","display_name":"The application of a deep reinforcement learning method in performance-based building renovation","publication_year":2026,"publication_date":"2026-03-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W7135244292","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jcde/qwag024"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/jcde/qwag024","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jcde/qwag024","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485147958","display_name":"Journal of Computational Design and Engineering","issn_l":"2288-4300","issn":["2288-4300","2288-5048"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computational Design and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","doaj"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"gold","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jcde/qwag024","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5125515892","display_name":"Anqi Dai","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anqi Dai","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong Polytechnic University The Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, , Hong Kong 999077 ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0003-6926-2025","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University The Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, , Hong Kong 999077 ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Xinyi Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6338-064X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136765683","display_name":"Tianjin University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00zbe0w13","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136765683"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xinyi Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Architecture, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0005-6338-064X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Architecture, Tianjin University , Tianjin 300072 ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136765683","https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5128941065","display_name":"Mingchun Hu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I14243506","display_name":"Hong Kong Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/0030zas98","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mingchun Hu","raw_affiliation_strings":["The Hong Kong Polytechnic University The Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, , Hong Kong 999077 ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0001-8199-8233","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"The Hong Kong Polytechnic University The Department of Land Surveying and Geo-Informatics, , Hong Kong 999077 ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I14243506"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5122569967","display_name":"Xiaohu Liu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47720641","display_name":"Huazhong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00p991c53","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiaohu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 ,"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0921-8159","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074 ,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5122569967"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47720641"],"apc_list":{"value":1650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1650},"apc_paid":{"value":1650,"currency":"USD","value_usd":1650},"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.23046727,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"13","issue":"4","first_page":"135","last_page":"156"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11006","display_name":"BIM and Construction Integration","score":0.382999986410141,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11006","display_name":"BIM and Construction Integration","score":0.382999986410141,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2215","display_name":"Building and Construction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11814","display_name":"Advanced Manufacturing and Logistics Optimization","score":0.23119999468326569,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2209","display_name":"Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13518","display_name":"Architecture and Computational Design","score":0.09960000216960907,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2216","display_name":"Architecture"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.8395000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/quality","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","score":0.4235000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efficient-energy-use","display_name":"Efficient energy use","score":0.4016000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/queueing-theory","display_name":"Queueing theory","score":0.37279999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/page-layout","display_name":"Page layout","score":0.3465999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/energy","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","score":0.34290000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement","display_name":"Reinforcement","score":0.3255000114440918}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.8395000100135803},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.48890000581741333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.4733000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779530757","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1207505","display_name":"Quality (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4235000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2742236","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q924713","display_name":"Efficient energy use","level":2,"score":0.4016000032424927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3840999901294708},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22684755","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q847526","display_name":"Queueing theory","level":2,"score":0.37279999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C188985296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q868954","display_name":"Page layout","level":2,"score":0.3465999960899353},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186370098","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q442787","display_name":"Energy (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.34290000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C67203356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1321905","display_name":"Reinforcement","level":2,"score":0.3255000114440918},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780966255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5474306","display_name":"Foundation (evidence)","level":2,"score":0.32429999113082886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.3230000138282776},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13736549","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4489420","display_name":"Industrial engineering","level":1,"score":0.29910001158714294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.29899999499320984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123657996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12271","display_name":"Architecture","level":2,"score":0.28349998593330383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984241579","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q323611","display_name":"Architectural design","level":3,"score":0.2727000117301941},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190831278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q323611","display_name":"Building design","level":2,"score":0.2703999876976013},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152095336","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18965","display_name":"Architectural plan","level":3,"score":0.2567000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81074085","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q366872","display_name":"Motion planning","level":3,"score":0.2554999887943268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138852830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2292993","display_name":"Design methods","level":2,"score":0.25119999051094055}],"mesh":[],"locations_count":1,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/jcde/qwag024","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jcde/qwag024","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485147958","display_name":"Journal of Computational Design and Engineering","issn_l":"2288-4300","issn":["2288-4300","2288-5048"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computational Design and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/jcde/qwag024","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jcde/qwag024","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2485147958","display_name":"Journal of Computational Design and Engineering","issn_l":"2288-4300","issn":["2288-4300","2288-5048"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":true,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by-nc","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of Computational Design and Engineering","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":54,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W838921790","https://openalex.org/W1501627346","https://openalex.org/W1988942252","https://openalex.org/W1989179252","https://openalex.org/W2004129629","https://openalex.org/W2031006532","https://openalex.org/W2107726111","https://openalex.org/W2117821865","https://openalex.org/W2131535379","https://openalex.org/W2164655924","https://openalex.org/W2543981688","https://openalex.org/W2580745411","https://openalex.org/W2736601468","https://openalex.org/W2741280287","https://openalex.org/W2946948546","https://openalex.org/W2973340906","https://openalex.org/W2978472360","https://openalex.org/W3008562805","https://openalex.org/W3028704143","https://openalex.org/W3043924094","https://openalex.org/W3094047202","https://openalex.org/W3135028703","https://openalex.org/W3150255470","https://openalex.org/W3188220908","https://openalex.org/W4205561529","https://openalex.org/W4213458341","https://openalex.org/W4220964139","https://openalex.org/W4225792959","https://openalex.org/W4230472502","https://openalex.org/W4286748781","https://openalex.org/W4297494126","https://openalex.org/W4309578419","https://openalex.org/W4310869900","https://openalex.org/W4318474392","https://openalex.org/W4319084034","https://openalex.org/W4367396267","https://openalex.org/W4385146828","https://openalex.org/W4385359567","https://openalex.org/W4386609980","https://openalex.org/W4392458781","https://openalex.org/W4393276669","https://openalex.org/W4394991398","https://openalex.org/W4399256366","https://openalex.org/W4401074831","https://openalex.org/W4401236135","https://openalex.org/W4401392987","https://openalex.org/W4401682010","https://openalex.org/W4401990095","https://openalex.org/W4403977697","https://openalex.org/W4405381793","https://openalex.org/W4410920253","https://openalex.org/W4413630639","https://openalex.org/W4417182867","https://openalex.org/W7116438618"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Abstract":[0],"Spatial":[1],"layout":[2,27,54,69,125,178],"planning":[3,28,55],"is":[4],"a":[5,12,89,107,141,146],"core":[6],"issue":[7],"in":[8,29,67,116,158,175],"architectural":[9],"design":[10,162,171],"with":[11,43,77],"significant":[13],"impact":[14],"on":[15,140],"building":[16,39],"performance.":[17],"Although":[18],"various":[19],"artificial":[20,160],"intelligence":[21],"methods":[22],"have":[23],"advanced":[24],"automated":[25,52,176],"spatial":[26,53,177],"the":[30,78,85,92,96,123,132,137,153,170],"construction":[31],"area,":[32],"applications":[33],"of":[34,95,136,155],"reinforcement":[35,59,97],"learning":[36,60,98],"for":[37,91,168],"existing":[38],"renovation,":[40],"particularly":[41],"those":[42],"performance-based":[44],"aims,":[45],"remain":[46],"limited.":[47],"This":[48],"study":[49],"proposes":[50],"an":[51],"framework":[56,157],"using":[57],"deep":[58],"to":[61,83,106,110,122],"evaluate":[62],"its":[63],"viability":[64],"and":[65,104,118,163,173],"efficiency":[66,172],"functional":[68],"renovation":[70],"targeting":[71],"sustainable":[72],"objectives.":[73],"The":[74,100,150],"agent-based":[75],"simulation":[76],"queuing":[79],"theory":[80],"was":[81,102],"employed":[82],"capture":[84],"occupant":[86,119],"patterns,":[87],"providing":[88],"foundation":[90],"performance":[93],"indicators":[94],"model.":[99],"model":[101,138],"trained":[103],"applied":[105],"real":[108],"case":[109],"generate":[111],"optimized":[112],"layouts,":[113],"achieving":[114],"improvements":[115],"energy":[117,148],"circulation":[120],"compared":[121],"original":[124],"plan.":[126],"It":[127],"should":[128],"be":[129],"clarified":[130],"that":[131],"above":[133],"energy-optimization":[134],"estimation":[135],"relied":[139],"simplified":[142],"approximation":[143],"rather":[144],"than":[145],"dynamic":[147],"simulation.":[149],"results":[151],"demonstrate":[152],"advantages":[154],"this":[156],"advancing":[159],"intelligence-aided":[161],"indicate":[164],"future":[165],"research":[166],"directions":[167],"enhancing":[169],"quality":[174],"planning.":[179]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-07-22T07:51:19.307946","created_date":"2026-03-14T00:00:00"}