{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2956342844","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocz106","title":"Assessing clinical heterogeneity in sepsis through treatment patterns and machine learning","display_name":"Assessing clinical heterogeneity in sepsis through treatment patterns and machine learning","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-06-06","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2956342844","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocz106","mag":"2956342844","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31314892"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/jamia/ocz106","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocz106","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7647146","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019023964","display_name":"Alison E. Fohner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4231-3331"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343052199","display_name":"Kaiser Permanente","ror":"https://ror.org/00t60zh31","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343052199"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201448701","display_name":"University of Washington","ror":"https://ror.org/00cvxb145","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Alison E Fohner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA","Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4231-3331","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201448701"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343052199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089486023","display_name":"J Greene","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0859-6828"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343052199","display_name":"Kaiser Permanente","ror":"https://ror.org/00t60zh31","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343052199"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"John D Greene","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343052199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018579599","display_name":"Brian L. Lawson","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343052199","display_name":"Kaiser Permanente","ror":"https://ror.org/00t60zh31","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343052199"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian L Lawson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343052199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046725885","display_name":"Jonathan H. Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4387-8740"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan H Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Biomedical Informatics Research, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051971469","display_name":"Patricia Kipnis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4572-0178"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343052199","display_name":"Kaiser Permanente","ror":"https://ror.org/00t60zh31","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343052199"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Patricia Kipnis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343052199"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5047682068","display_name":"Gabriel J. Escobar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2540-3327"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343052199","display_name":"Kaiser Permanente","ror":"https://ror.org/00t60zh31","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343052199"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriel J Escobar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343052199"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5072920960","display_name":"Vincent X. Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6899-9998"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343052199","display_name":"Kaiser Permanente","ror":"https://ror.org/00t60zh31","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343052199"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vincent X Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente, Oakland, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343052199"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5019023964"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343052199","https://openalex.org/I201448701"],"apc_list":{"value":3967,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3967},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.7166,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":71,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.95511407,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"26","issue":"12","first_page":"1466","last_page":"1477"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10218","display_name":"Sepsis Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9239000082015991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10218","display_name":"Sepsis Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9239000082015991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.040699999779462814,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12167","display_name":"Bacterial Identification and Susceptibility Testing","score":0.004699999932199717,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1308","display_name":"Clinical Biochemistry"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sepsis","display_name":"Sepsis","score":0.7377947568893433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.7317945957183838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cohort","display_name":"Cohort","score":0.5897802710533142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intensive-care-medicine","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","score":0.4893612265586853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-health-record","display_name":"Electronic health record","score":0.4491989016532898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.4486803412437439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-records","display_name":"Health records","score":0.44725704193115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/retrospective-cohort-study","display_name":"Retrospective cohort study","score":0.4301775097846985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cohort-study","display_name":"Cohort study","score":0.4212309420108795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medical-record","display_name":"Medical record","score":0.4137706756591797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.3807263672351837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3399583697319031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3261159062385559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emergency-medicine","display_name":"Emergency medicine","score":0.3260086178779602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.25175750255584717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.18455028533935547}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778384902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183134","display_name":"Sepsis","level":2,"score":0.7377947568893433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.7317945957183838},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C72563966","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1303415","display_name":"Cohort","level":2,"score":0.5897802710533142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.4893612265586853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020144179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10871684","display_name":"Electronic health record","level":3,"score":0.4491989016532898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.4486803412437439},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019952477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324077","display_name":"Health records","level":3,"score":0.44725704193115234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167135981","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2146302","display_name":"Retrospective cohort study","level":2,"score":0.4301775097846985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201903717","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778788","display_name":"Cohort study","level":2,"score":0.4212309420108795},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195910791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324077","display_name":"Medical record","level":2,"score":0.4137706756591797},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.3807263672351837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3399583697319031},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3261159062385559},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194828623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2861470","display_name":"Emergency medicine","level":1,"score":0.3260086178779602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.25175750255584717},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.18455028533935547},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069558","descriptor_name":"Unsupervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069558","descriptor_name":"Unsupervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069558","descriptor_name":"Unsupervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000328","descriptor_name":"Adult","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000369","descriptor_name":"Aged, 80 and over","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000369","descriptor_name":"Aged, 80 and over","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000369","descriptor_name":"Aged, 80 and over","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000900","descriptor_name":"Anti-Bacterial Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000900","descriptor_name":"Anti-Bacterial Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000900","descriptor_name":"Anti-Bacterial Agents","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006760","descriptor_name":"Hospitalization","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006760","descriptor_name":"Hospitalization","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006760","descriptor_name":"Hospitalization","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011787","descriptor_name":"Quality of Health Care","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011787","descriptor_name":"Quality of Health Care","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011787","descriptor_name":"Quality of Health Care","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017052","descriptor_name":"Hospital Mortality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017052","descriptor_name":"Hospital Mortality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017052","descriptor_name":"Hospital Mortality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018805","descriptor_name":"Sepsis","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018805","descriptor_name":"Sepsis","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018805","descriptor_name":"Sepsis","qualifier_ui":"Q000150","qualifier_name":"complications","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018805","descriptor_name":"Sepsis","qualifier_ui":"Q000401","qualifier_name":"mortality","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018805","descriptor_name":"Sepsis","qualifier_ui":"Q000401","qualifier_name":"mortality","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018805","descriptor_name":"Sepsis","qualifier_ui":"Q000401","qualifier_name":"mortality","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018805","descriptor_name":"Sepsis","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018805","descriptor_name":"Sepsis","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018805","descriptor_name":"Sepsis","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D062072","descriptor_name":"Patient Acuity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D062072","descriptor_name":"Patient Acuity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D062072","descriptor_name":"Patient Acuity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/jamia/ocz106","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocz106","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:31314892","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31314892","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7647146","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7647146","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Am Med Inform Assoc","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7647146","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7647146","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Am Med Inform Assoc","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8500000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4388486520","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R35 GM128672","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","funder_display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337354","display_name":"National Institute of General Medical Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/04q48ey07"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W300359691","https://openalex.org/W1880262756","https://openalex.org/W1967278969","https://openalex.org/W1974873560","https://openalex.org/W1978394996","https://openalex.org/W1979174301","https://openalex.org/W1991209345","https://openalex.org/W1996033260","https://openalex.org/W1998427452","https://openalex.org/W2014662110","https://openalex.org/W2015329932","https://openalex.org/W2027831139","https://openalex.org/W2039251546","https://openalex.org/W2049927822","https://openalex.org/W2087203965","https://openalex.org/W2096606690","https://openalex.org/W2107940314","https://openalex.org/W2114325274","https://openalex.org/W2116749187","https://openalex.org/W2135583319","https://openalex.org/W2135993691","https://openalex.org/W2141115552","https://openalex.org/W2144589352","https://openalex.org/W2145577370","https://openalex.org/W2145889332","https://openalex.org/W2168175751","https://openalex.org/W2168803832","https://openalex.org/W2214145300","https://openalex.org/W2274346642","https://openalex.org/W2275711495","https://openalex.org/W2276440020","https://openalex.org/W2278600110","https://openalex.org/W2280404143","https://openalex.org/W2282181907","https://openalex.org/W2282887873","https://openalex.org/W2324406228","https://openalex.org/W2331591468","https://openalex.org/W2334832924","https://openalex.org/W2396727790","https://openalex.org/W2412187680","https://openalex.org/W2413422926","https://openalex.org/W2461875524","https://openalex.org/W2521579474","https://openalex.org/W2522581443","https://openalex.org/W2549034090","https://openalex.org/W2582807481","https://openalex.org/W2599245417","https://openalex.org/W2614741637","https://openalex.org/W2724317418","https://openalex.org/W2755626276","https://openalex.org/W2782135811","https://openalex.org/W2802501803","https://openalex.org/W2884078227","https://openalex.org/W2944988359","https://openalex.org/W3016555942","https://openalex.org/W4231510805","https://openalex.org/W6639619044","https://openalex.org/W6715429860"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W187932805","https://openalex.org/W2554558516","https://openalex.org/W2909369938","https://openalex.org/W4392490004","https://openalex.org/W1641026212","https://openalex.org/W4402738807","https://openalex.org/W2911982698","https://openalex.org/W2355354922","https://openalex.org/W2527724968","https://openalex.org/W2356296688"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"To":[1],"use":[2],"unsupervised":[3,46],"topic":[4,167,227],"modeling":[5,228],"to":[6,53,74,83,114,195,202],"evaluate":[7],"heterogeneity":[8,205,218],"in":[9,40,60,189,219,239,246],"sepsis":[10,34,105,180,190,223,240,247],"treatment":[11,77,106,142,220,231],"patterns":[12,232],"contained":[13],"within":[14,65,120],"granular":[15],"data":[16],"of":[17,29,70,94,134,152,172,244],"electronic":[18,62],"health":[19,63],"records.":[20],"MATERIALS":[21],"AND":[22],"METHODS:":[23],"A":[24,209],"multicenter,":[25],"retrospective":[26],"cohort":[27,81],"study":[28],"29":[30],"253":[31],"hospitalized":[32],"adult":[33],"patients":[35],"between":[36],"2010":[37],"and":[38,57,82,107,117,159,216,241,249],"2013":[39],"Northern":[41],"California.":[42],"We":[43,97,136],"applied":[44],"an":[45],"machine":[47,210],"learning":[48,211],"method,":[49],"Latent":[50],"Dirichlet":[51],"Allocation,":[52],"the":[54,61,66,80,178],"orders,":[55],"medications,":[56],"procedures":[58],"recorded":[59],"record":[64],"first":[67,115],"24":[68,121],"hours":[69],"each":[71,89],"patient's":[72],"hospitalization":[73],"uncover":[75],"empiric":[76],"topics":[78,101,143],"across":[79],"develop":[84],"computable":[85],"clinical":[86,175,182,204,237],"signatures":[87,183],"for":[88],"patient":[90],"based":[91,229],"on":[92,230],"proportions":[93],"these":[95,100],"topics.":[96],"evaluated":[98],"how":[99],"correlated":[102],"with":[103,131],"common":[104],"outcome":[108],"metrics":[109],"including":[110],"inpatient":[111],"mortality,":[112],"time":[113],"antibiotic,":[116],"fluids":[118],"given":[119],"hours.":[122],"RESULTS:":[123],"Mean":[124],"age":[125],"was":[126],"70":[127],"\u00b1":[128],"17":[129],"years":[130],"hospital":[132],"mortality":[133],"9.6%.":[135],"empirically":[137],"identified":[138],"42":[139],"clinically":[140],"recognizable":[141],"(eg,":[144],"pneumonia,":[145],"cellulitis,":[146],"wound":[147],"care,":[148],"shock).":[149],"Only":[150],"43.1%":[151],"hospitalizations":[153],"had":[154,164],"a":[155,160,165,192],"single":[156,166],"dominant":[157],"topic,":[158],"small":[161],"minority":[162],"(7.3%)":[163],"comprising":[168],"at":[169],"least":[170],"80%":[171],"their":[173],"overall":[174],"signature.":[176],"Across":[177],"entire":[179],"cohort,":[181],"were":[184],"highly":[185],"variable.":[186],"DISCUSSION:":[187],"Heterogeneity":[188],"is":[191],"major":[193],"barrier":[194],"improving":[196],"targeted":[197],"treatments,":[198],"yet":[199],"existing":[200],"approaches":[201],"characterizing":[203],"are":[206],"narrowly":[207],"defined.":[208],"approach":[212],"captured":[213],"substantial":[214],"patient-":[215],"population-level":[217],"during":[221],"early":[222],"hospitalization.":[224],"CONCLUSION:":[225],"Using":[226],"may":[233],"enable":[234],"more":[235],"precise":[236],"characterization":[238],"better":[242],"understanding":[243],"variability":[245],"presentation":[248],"outcomes.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}