{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2765632989","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocx122","title":"Falling short: how state laws can address health information exchange barriers and enablers","display_name":"Falling short: how state laws can address health information exchange barriers and enablers","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-10-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2765632989","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocx122","mag":"2765632989","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29106555"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/jamia/ocx122","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocx122","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7646865","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087419169","display_name":"Cason Schmit","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7929-7198"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Cason D Schmit","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5066834534","display_name":"Sarah Wetter","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I55732556","display_name":"Arizona State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03efmqc40","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sarah A Wetter","raw_affiliation_strings":["Sandra Day O\u2019Connor College of Law, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA","Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandra Day O\u2019Connor College of Law, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I55732556"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083209611","display_name":"Bita A. Kash","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9491-6815"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I125029298","display_name":"Texas A&M Health Science Center","ror":"https://ror.org/01tx6pn92","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I125029298","https://openalex.org/I91045830"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I91045830","display_name":"Texas A&M University","ror":"https://ror.org/01f5ytq51","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bita A Kash","raw_affiliation_strings":["Center for Health Organization Transformation, Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Center for Health Organization Transformation, Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I125029298","https://openalex.org/I91045830"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087419169"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I91045830"],"apc_list":{"value":3967,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3967},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.8412,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":27,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94844579,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"25","issue":"6","first_page":"635","last_page":"644"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10350","display_name":"Electronic Health Records Systems","score":0.3635999858379364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10350","display_name":"Electronic Health Records Systems","score":0.3635999858379364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10912","display_name":"Telemedicine and Telehealth Implementation","score":0.049400001764297485,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10629","display_name":"Health Policy Implementation Science","score":0.03269999846816063,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3600","display_name":"General Health Professions"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/falling","display_name":"Falling (accident)","score":0.7016837000846863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-information-exchange","display_name":"Health information exchange","score":0.652925968170166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/state","display_name":"State (computer science)","score":0.5705390572547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-exchange","display_name":"Information exchange","score":0.5499913692474365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.35180264711380005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.34918808937072754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/business","display_name":"Business","score":0.3324539065361023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-information","display_name":"Health information","score":0.3102976977825165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.24630296230316162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.23283082246780396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.1940767765045166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.16639065742492676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-health","display_name":"Environmental health","score":0.1568044126033783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.1391976773738861}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779079380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q333495","display_name":"Falling (accident)","level":2,"score":0.7016837000846863},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778759051","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5691085","display_name":"Health information exchange","level":4,"score":0.652925968170166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48103436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q599031","display_name":"State (computer science)","level":2,"score":0.5705390572547913},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189693848","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6031064","display_name":"Information exchange","level":2,"score":0.5499913692474365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.35180264711380005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.34918808937072754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144133560","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4830453","display_name":"Business","level":0,"score":0.3324539065361023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982795734","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q870895","display_name":"Health information","level":3,"score":0.3102976977825165},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.24630296230316162},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.23283082246780396},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.1940767765045166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.16639065742492676},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.1568044126033783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.1391976773738861},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D008490","descriptor_name":"Medical Informatics","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008490","descriptor_name":"Medical Informatics","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008490","descriptor_name":"Medical Informatics","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013219","descriptor_name":"State Government","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013219","descriptor_name":"State Government","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013219","descriptor_name":"State Government","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D033161","descriptor_name":"Government Regulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D033161","descriptor_name":"Government Regulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D033161","descriptor_name":"Government Regulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D066275","descriptor_name":"Health Information Exchange","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D066275","descriptor_name":"Health Information Exchange","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D066275","descriptor_name":"Health Information Exchange","qualifier_ui":"Q000331","qualifier_name":"legislation & jurisprudence","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/jamia/ocx122","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocx122","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:29106555","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29106555","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7646865","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7646865","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Am Med Inform Assoc","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7646865","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7646865","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Am Med Inform Assoc","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.49000000953674316,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332162","display_name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","ror":"https://ror.org/042twtr12"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":58,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W10103669","https://openalex.org/W85880070","https://openalex.org/W134545736","https://openalex.org/W170278449","https://openalex.org/W1149140746","https://openalex.org/W1485937292","https://openalex.org/W1589171519","https://openalex.org/W1628155230","https://openalex.org/W1967030235","https://openalex.org/W1971184125","https://openalex.org/W1973680365","https://openalex.org/W1976806732","https://openalex.org/W2008718602","https://openalex.org/W2015233531","https://openalex.org/W2019641320","https://openalex.org/W2069338491","https://openalex.org/W2078496764","https://openalex.org/W2085136814","https://openalex.org/W2109185206","https://openalex.org/W2119780413","https://openalex.org/W2121274101","https://openalex.org/W2125028786","https://openalex.org/W2131103068","https://openalex.org/W2144890062","https://openalex.org/W2145884150","https://openalex.org/W2154880887","https://openalex.org/W2160528017","https://openalex.org/W2162231849","https://openalex.org/W2176928290","https://openalex.org/W2205128984","https://openalex.org/W2211648215","https://openalex.org/W2262511489","https://openalex.org/W2271525924","https://openalex.org/W2285933843","https://openalex.org/W2293737936","https://openalex.org/W2330835168","https://openalex.org/W2402550127","https://openalex.org/W2494281027","https://openalex.org/W2574921832","https://openalex.org/W2615172603","https://openalex.org/W2905985257","https://openalex.org/W3121148921","https://openalex.org/W3121314188","https://openalex.org/W3122866001","https://openalex.org/W3124025042","https://openalex.org/W4232379544","https://openalex.org/W6600432091","https://openalex.org/W6603507224","https://openalex.org/W6606884206","https://openalex.org/W6627317191","https://openalex.org/W6632441438","https://openalex.org/W6633006602","https://openalex.org/W6635323437","https://openalex.org/W6636740428","https://openalex.org/W6677669297","https://openalex.org/W6693973269","https://openalex.org/W6713213909","https://openalex.org/W6757225008"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2805708434","https://openalex.org/W1976038767","https://openalex.org/W2126034072","https://openalex.org/W1833893427","https://openalex.org/W4226054113","https://openalex.org/W2068402150","https://openalex.org/W2942211944","https://openalex.org/W2343221454","https://openalex.org/W2132841844","https://openalex.org/W2025961465"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Objective:":[0],"Research":[1],"on":[2,75],"the":[3,61,120,125,143,163,173,226,230,246],"implementation":[4],"of":[5,18,116,127,142,162,172,184,225,239,248],"health":[6],"information":[7],"exchange":[8],"(HIE)":[9],"organizations":[10],"has":[11],"identified":[12,51,111,194],"both":[13],"positive":[14],"and":[15,32,45,54,57,67,85,114,129,149,159,236],"negative":[16],"effects":[17],"laws":[19,69,84,133,241,249],"relating":[20,70,134],"to":[21,64,71,113,135,181],"governance,":[22],"incentives,":[23],"mandates,":[24],"sustainability,":[25],"stakeholder":[26],"participation,":[27],"patient":[28],"engagement,":[29],"privacy,":[30],"confidentiality,":[31],"security.":[33],"We":[34,59,81,92,104],"fill":[35],"a":[36,94,101,200],"substantial":[37,201],"research":[38],"gap":[39],"by":[40,195],"describing":[41],"whether":[42],"comprehensive":[43],"state":[44,66],"territorial":[46,68],"HIE":[47,107,117,240],"legal":[48,52,108,165,205],"frameworks":[49,206],"address":[50,140,154],"facilitators":[53],"barriers.":[55],"Materials":[56],"Methods:":[58],"used":[60],"Westlaw":[62],"database":[63],"identify":[65],"HIEs":[72],"in":[73,89,100,119,147,157,170],"effect":[74],"June":[76],"7,":[77],"2016":[78],"(53":[79],"jurisdictions).":[80],"blind-coded":[82],"all":[83],"addressed":[86,169],"coding":[87],"discrepancies":[88],"peer-review":[90],"meetings.":[91],"recorded":[93],"consensus":[95],"code":[96],"for":[97,219,233],"each":[98],"law":[99],"master":[102],"database.":[103],"compared":[105],"20":[106,144],"attributes":[109],"with":[110],"barriers":[112,180],"enablers":[115,183],"activity":[118],"literature.":[121],"Results:":[122],"Forty-two":[123],"states,":[124],"District":[126],"Columbia,":[128],"2":[130],"territories":[131],"have":[132],"HIEs.":[136,185,211,254],"On":[137],"average,":[138],"jurisdictions":[139,152,187],"8.32":[141],"criteria":[145,156,166],"selected":[146],"statutes":[148,158],"regulations.":[150,160],"Twenty":[151],"unambiguously":[153,168],"\u22645":[155],"None":[161],"significant":[164,192],"are":[167,188,207],">60%":[171],"53":[174],"jurisdictions.":[175],"Discussion:":[176],"Laws":[177],"can":[178],"be":[179],"or":[182,222,252],"However,":[186,229],"not":[189,208],"addressing":[190],"many":[191],"issues":[193],"researchers.":[196],"Consequently,":[197],"there":[198],"is":[199,217],"risk":[202],"that":[203,250],"existing":[204],"adequately":[209],"supporting":[210],"Conclusion:":[212],"The":[213],"current":[214],"evidence":[215],"base":[216],"insufficient":[218],"comparative":[220],"assessments":[221],"impact":[223],"rankings":[224],"various":[227],"factors.":[228],"detailed":[231],"Centers":[232],"Disease":[234],"Control":[235],"Prevention":[237],"dataset":[238],"could":[242],"enable":[243],"investigations":[244],"into":[245],"types":[247],"promote":[251],"impede":[253]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}