{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2433185791","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocw156","title":"De-identification of patient notes with recurrent neural networks","display_name":"De-identification of patient notes with recurrent neural networks","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-10-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2433185791","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocw156","mag":"2433185791","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28040687"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/jamia/ocw156","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocw156","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamia/article-pdf/24/3/596/13063279/ocw156.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","datacite","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamia/article-pdf/24/3/596/13063279/ocw156.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5028863551","display_name":"Franck Dernoncourt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1119-1346"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Franck Dernoncourt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","[Computer Science & Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Computer Science & Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010335627","display_name":"Ji Young Lee","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ji Young Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","[Computer Science & Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Computer Science & Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070926324","display_name":"\u00d6zlem Uzuner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8011-9850"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I392282","display_name":"University at Albany, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/012zs8222","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I392282"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ozlem Uzuner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science Department, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY, USA","[Computer Science Department, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science Department, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I392282"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Computer Science Department, University at Albany, SUNY, Albany, NY, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I392282"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006650843","display_name":"Peter Szolovits","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8411-6403"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter Szolovits","raw_affiliation_strings":["Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","[Computer Science & Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA]"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"[Computer Science & Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA]","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5028863551"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"apc_list":{"value":3967,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3967},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":9.3197,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":33,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97556313,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"24","issue":"3","first_page":"596","last_page":"606"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.5964999794960022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.5964999794960022,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10601","display_name":"Handwritten Text Recognition Techniques","score":0.11779999732971191,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10350","display_name":"Electronic Health Records Systems","score":0.05209999904036522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3605","display_name":"Health Information Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-insurance-portability-and-accountability-act","display_name":"Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act","score":0.8670567274093628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.7921164035797119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/protected-health-information","display_name":"Protected health information","score":0.7537186145782471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/confidentiality","display_name":"Confidentiality","score":0.6388759613037109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6217277646064758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software-portability","display_name":"Software portability","score":0.5698617696762085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recall","display_name":"Recall","score":0.5413976907730103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4771946370601654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4599757194519043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4111723005771637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.3316989541053772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.2441246509552002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.17834672331809998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.10722547769546509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/public-health","display_name":"Public health","score":0.1024913489818573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-policy","display_name":"Health policy","score":0.08041146397590637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nursing","display_name":"Nursing","score":0.07961735129356384}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778306010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q606563","display_name":"Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act","level":3,"score":0.8670567274093628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.7921164035797119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C133652896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7251300","display_name":"Protected health information","level":5,"score":0.7537186145782471},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71745522","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2476929","display_name":"Confidentiality","level":2,"score":0.6388759613037109},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6217277646064758},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63000827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3080428","display_name":"Software portability","level":2,"score":0.5698617696762085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100660578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18733","display_name":"Recall","level":2,"score":0.5413976907730103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4771946370601654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4599757194519043},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4111723005771637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.3316989541053772},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2441246509552002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.17834672331809998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.10722547769546509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138816342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189603","display_name":"Public health","level":2,"score":0.1024913489818573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47344431","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1519812","display_name":"Health policy","level":3,"score":0.08041146397590637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159110408","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121176","display_name":"Nursing","level":1,"score":0.07961735129356384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147268084","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5635796","display_name":"HRHIS","level":4,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000068240","descriptor_name":"Data Anonymization","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000068240","descriptor_name":"Data Anonymization","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000068240","descriptor_name":"Data Anonymization","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000068240","descriptor_name":"Data Anonymization","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D066264","descriptor_name":"Datasets as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D066264","descriptor_name":"Datasets as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D066264","descriptor_name":"Datasets as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D066264","descriptor_name":"Datasets as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":8,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/jamia/ocw156","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocw156","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamia/article-pdf/24/3/596/13063279/ocw156.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:28040687","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28040687","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1606.03475","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1606.03475","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1606.03475","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"text"},{"id":"mag:2433185791","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1606.03475.pdf","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:dspace.mit.edu:1721.1/111064","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/111064","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400425","display_name":"DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","host_organization_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by-nc-sa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by-nc-sa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"arXiv","raw_type":"Article"},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:6709787","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://europepmc.org/pmc/articles/PMC7787254","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:7787254","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/7787254","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Am Med Inform Assoc","raw_type":"Text"},{"id":"doi:10.48550/arxiv.1606.03475","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1606.03475","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":"2331-8422","issn":["2331-8422"],"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Preprint"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/jamia/ocw156","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocw156","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamia/article-pdf/24/3/596/13063279/ocw156.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2433185791.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":70,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W19235523","https://openalex.org/W45053571","https://openalex.org/W50158085","https://openalex.org/W992506503","https://openalex.org/W1034374084","https://openalex.org/W1262131959","https://openalex.org/W1525961042","https://openalex.org/W1540056032","https://openalex.org/W1558796178","https://openalex.org/W1863940422","https://openalex.org/W1970378283","https://openalex.org/W1972477581","https://openalex.org/W1995228216","https://openalex.org/W2015620729","https://openalex.org/W2046788142","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2074609720","https://openalex.org/W2079946332","https://openalex.org/W2082673056","https://openalex.org/W2104218280","https://openalex.org/W2107391405","https://openalex.org/W2113273510","https://openalex.org/W2117273822","https://openalex.org/W2120615054","https://openalex.org/W2123442489","https://openalex.org/W2124657827","https://openalex.org/W2136016850","https://openalex.org/W2141599568","https://openalex.org/W2156061936","https://openalex.org/W2158899491","https://openalex.org/W2161880183","https://openalex.org/W2162800060","https://openalex.org/W2183114698","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2250545560","https://openalex.org/W2251202616","https://openalex.org/W2251664617","https://openalex.org/W2251939518","https://openalex.org/W2278381402","https://openalex.org/W2296283641","https://openalex.org/W2396881363","https://openalex.org/W2488684359","https://openalex.org/W2949300694","https://openalex.org/W2950133940","https://openalex.org/W2950577311","https://openalex.org/W2951559648","https://openalex.org/W2964308564","https://openalex.org/W4230722969","https://openalex.org/W6600798748","https://openalex.org/W6607333740","https://openalex.org/W6628254273","https://openalex.org/W6631399359","https://openalex.org/W6632433862","https://openalex.org/W6636510571","https://openalex.org/W6638733343","https://openalex.org/W6676040603","https://openalex.org/W6679434410","https://openalex.org/W6680051230","https://openalex.org/W6680890276","https://openalex.org/W6682691769","https://openalex.org/W6683738474","https://openalex.org/W6685700624","https://openalex.org/W6691363138","https://openalex.org/W6691459498","https://openalex.org/W6691766168","https://openalex.org/W6697377463","https://openalex.org/W6712207982","https://openalex.org/W6715628804","https://openalex.org/W6720312277","https://openalex.org/W6726422719"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2963956191","https://openalex.org/W992506503","https://openalex.org/W3116387758","https://openalex.org/W2964217136","https://openalex.org/W1995228216","https://openalex.org/W2624380710","https://openalex.org/W2160987310","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2898933544","https://openalex.org/W2998899284","https://openalex.org/W2736476613","https://openalex.org/W3136611097","https://openalex.org/W2105141860","https://openalex.org/W2111063183","https://openalex.org/W2623375817","https://openalex.org/W3032302651","https://openalex.org/W2786839164","https://openalex.org/W3209006175","https://openalex.org/W2140663467","https://openalex.org/W3119911073"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"Patient":[1],"notes":[2],"in":[3,27],"electronic":[4,71],"health":[5,52,72],"records":[6],"(EHRs)":[7],"may":[8],"contain":[9],"critical":[10],"information":[11,53],"for":[12,230],"medical":[13,20],"investigations.":[14],"However,":[15],"the":[16,31,36,39,68,75,86,108,130,133,141,149,156,169,178,188,208,226],"vast":[17],"majority":[18],"of":[19,33,50,70,78,89,100,132,185,195,200,205,215,220,228,232],"investigators":[21],"can":[22],"only":[23],"access":[24,81],"de-identified":[25],"notes,":[26,84,234],"order":[28],"to":[29,56,59,82],"protect":[30],"confidentiality":[32],"patients.":[34],"In":[35],"United":[37],"States,":[38],"Health":[40],"Insurance":[41],"Portability":[42],"and":[43,85,155,163,197,202,217],"Accountability":[44],"Act":[45],"(HIPAA)":[46],"defines":[47],"18":[48],"types":[49],"protected":[51],"that":[54],"needs":[55],"be":[57,99],"removed":[58],"de-identify":[60],"patient":[61,233],"notes.":[62],"Manual":[63],"de-identification":[64,95,110,144,153,158,210,231],"is":[65,148,164],"impractical":[66],"given":[67],"size":[69],"record":[73],"databases,":[74],"limited":[76],"number":[77],"researchers":[79],"with":[80,135,192,212],"non-de-identified":[83],"frequent":[87],"mistakes":[88],"human":[90],"annotators.":[91],"A":[92],"reliable":[93],"automated":[94],"system":[96,111,134],"would":[97],"consequently":[98],"high":[101],"value.":[102],"MATERIALS":[103],"AND":[104],"METHODS:":[105],"We":[106,128],"introduce":[107],"first":[109],"based":[112],"on":[113,138,187,207],"artificial":[114],"neural":[115],"networks":[116],"(ANNs),":[117],"which":[118,147,160],"requires":[119],"no":[120,246],"handcrafted":[121],"features":[122],"or":[123],"rules,":[124],"unlike":[125],"existing":[126],"systems.":[127,180],"compare":[129],"performance":[131,239],"state-of-the-art":[136,179],"systems":[137,243],"two":[139],"datasets:":[140],"i2b2":[142,170,189],"2014":[143,171,190],"challenge":[145],"dataset,":[146,154,159,191,211],"largest":[150],"publicly":[151],"available":[152],"MIMIC":[157,209],"we":[161],"assembled":[162],"twice":[165],"as":[166,168,235],"large":[167],"dataset.":[172],"RESULTS:":[173],"Our":[174,223],"ANN":[175],"model":[176],"outperforms":[177],"It":[181],"yields":[182],"an":[183,203],"F1-score":[184,204],"97.85":[186],"a":[193,198,213,218],"recall":[194,214],"97.38":[196],"precision":[199,219],"98.32,":[201],"99.23":[206],"99.25":[216],"99.21.":[221],"CONCLUSION:":[222],"findings":[224],"support":[225],"use":[227],"ANNs":[229],"they":[236],"show":[237],"better":[238],"than":[240],"previously":[241],"published":[242],"while":[244],"requiring":[245],"manual":[247],"feature":[248],"engineering.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-28T07:46:37.118299","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}