{"id":"https://openalex.org/W1907355364","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocu004","title":"Normalization of relative and incomplete temporal expressions in clinical narratives","display_name":"Normalization of relative and incomplete temporal expressions in clinical narratives","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-04-12","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W1907355364","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocu004","mag":"1907355364","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25868462"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/jamia/ocu004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocu004","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamia/article-pdf/22/5/1001/34145868/ocu004.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["arxiv","crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamia/article-pdf/22/5/1001/34145868/ocu004.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101979304","display_name":"Weiyi Sun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2952-5121"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I392282","display_name":"University at Albany, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/012zs8222","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I392282"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weiyi Sun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Informatics, University at Albany, SUNY. Albany, NY"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Informatics, University at Albany, SUNY. Albany, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I392282"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071360545","display_name":"Anna Rumshisky","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133738476","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Lowell","ror":"https://ror.org/03hamhx47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anna Rumshisky","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts Lowell. Lowell, MA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Computer Science, University of Massachusetts Lowell. Lowell, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5070926324","display_name":"\u00d6zlem Uzuner","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8011-9850"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I392282","display_name":"University at Albany, State University of New York","ror":"https://ror.org/012zs8222","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I392282"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ozlem Uzuner","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Information Studies, University at Albany, SUNY. Albany, NY"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Information Studies, University at Albany, SUNY. Albany, NY","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I392282"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":{"value":3967,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3967},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.0557,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92448439,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"22","issue":"5","first_page":"1001","last_page":"1008"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.4259999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.4259999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.295199990272522,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10181","display_name":"Natural Language Processing Techniques","score":0.07649999856948853,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.7497870922088623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.7138175368309021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6972724199295044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parsing","display_name":"Parsing","score":0.6723585724830627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5977580547332764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.45325595140457153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.43863585591316223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-set","display_name":"Training set","score":0.42183834314346313}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.7497870922088623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.7138175368309021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6972724199295044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186644900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q194152","display_name":"Parsing","level":2,"score":0.6723585724830627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5977580547332764},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.45325595140457153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.43863585591316223},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.42183834314346313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013995","descriptor_name":"Time","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013995","descriptor_name":"Time","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013995","descriptor_name":"Time","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013995","descriptor_name":"Time","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013995","descriptor_name":"Time","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013995","descriptor_name":"Time","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D033262","descriptor_name":"Narration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D033262","descriptor_name":"Narration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D033262","descriptor_name":"Narration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D033262","descriptor_name":"Narration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D033262","descriptor_name":"Narration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D033262","descriptor_name":"Narration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/jamia/ocu004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocu004","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamia/article-pdf/22/5/1001/34145868/ocu004.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:25868462","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25868462","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:arXiv.org:1510.04972","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://arxiv.org/abs/1510.04972","pdf_url":"https://arxiv.org/pdf/1510.04972","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400194","display_name":"arXiv (Cornell University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I205783295","host_organization_name":"Cornell University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I205783295"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"text"},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:4986666","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/4986666","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Am Med Inform Assoc","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/jamia/ocu004","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocu004","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamia/article-pdf/22/5/1001/34145868/ocu004.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.4000000059604645,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4171915827","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2U54LM008748","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337372","funder_display_name":"U.S. National Library of Medicine"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4456594261","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"1R13LM01141101","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337372","funder_display_name":"U.S. National Library of Medicine"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4603160856","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R13 LM011411","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337372","funder_display_name":"U.S. National Library of Medicine"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5236573442","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U54 LM008748","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337372","funder_display_name":"U.S. National Library of Medicine"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337372","display_name":"U.S. National Library of Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/0060t0j89"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W51169306","https://openalex.org/W147140525","https://openalex.org/W1508977358","https://openalex.org/W1554540371","https://openalex.org/W1619424147","https://openalex.org/W1628282653","https://openalex.org/W1840275551","https://openalex.org/W1893213668","https://openalex.org/W1956885672","https://openalex.org/W1990886313","https://openalex.org/W2005430761","https://openalex.org/W2011959271","https://openalex.org/W2095896451","https://openalex.org/W2122540544","https://openalex.org/W2137407193","https://openalex.org/W2140244223","https://openalex.org/W2147489532","https://openalex.org/W2148540126","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2155276279","https://openalex.org/W2157275230","https://openalex.org/W2160241709","https://openalex.org/W2162364899","https://openalex.org/W2163241422","https://openalex.org/W2167540062","https://openalex.org/W2250767920","https://openalex.org/W2250852500","https://openalex.org/W2251758222","https://openalex.org/W2611972942","https://openalex.org/W3120421331","https://openalex.org/W6602085731","https://openalex.org/W6605893010","https://openalex.org/W6636539072","https://openalex.org/W6639470886","https://openalex.org/W6681234702","https://openalex.org/W6681463532","https://openalex.org/W6682976278","https://openalex.org/W6691573161","https://openalex.org/W6691576199"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W6643695","https://openalex.org/W4381248170","https://openalex.org/W3189621521","https://openalex.org/W2173794830","https://openalex.org/W2981877337","https://openalex.org/W3203938600","https://openalex.org/W2169074127","https://openalex.org/W4286910063","https://openalex.org/W83146503","https://openalex.org/W2163707935"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"To":[1],"improve":[2],"the":[3,18,29,34,38,43,49,56,65,73,113,119,152,157,174,181,191,194,214,231,238,242,246],"normalization":[4,30,70,121,216],"of":[5,31,58,67,78,140,156,221,241],"relative":[6],"and":[7,24,42,87,100,136,143,203,229],"incomplete":[8],"temporal":[9,160],"expressions":[10],"(RI-TIMEXes)":[11],"in":[12,20,33,51,60,185,245],"clinical":[13,35,74,186],"narratives.":[14],"METHODS:":[15],"We":[16,47,94,212],"analyzed":[17],"RI-TIMEXes":[19,32,50,120],"temporally":[21],"annotated":[22,48],"corpora":[23,53],"propose":[25],"two":[26,124],"hypotheses":[27,114],"regarding":[28],"narrative":[36],"domain:":[37],"anchor":[39,44,80,84,130,133,182,201,204],"point":[40,81,131,202],"hypothesis":[41],"relation":[45,85,134,161,183,205],"hypothesis.":[46],"three":[52],"to":[54,209],"study":[55],"characteristics":[57],"RI-TMEXes":[59],"different":[61,97],"domains.":[62],"This":[63],"informed":[64],"design":[66],"our":[68],"RI-TIMEX":[69,90,215,227,239],"system":[71,107,128,232],"for":[72,105],"domain,":[75],"which":[76],"consists":[77],"an":[79,83,102],"classifier,":[82,86],"a":[88,219],"rule-based":[89,137],"text":[91],"span":[92],"parser.":[93],"experimented":[95],"with":[96,165],"feature":[98,166,177],"sets":[99,167],"performed":[101],"error":[103],"analysis":[104,197],"each":[106],"component.":[108],"RESULTS:":[109],"The":[110],"annotation":[111],"confirmed":[112],"that":[115,199],"we":[116],"can":[117],"simplify":[118],"task":[122],"using":[123],"multi-label":[125,222],"classifiers.":[126],"Our":[127],"achieves":[129,233],"classification,":[132,135],"parsing":[138],"accuracy":[139],"74.68%,":[141],"87.71%,":[142],"57.2%":[144],"(82.09%":[145],"under":[146],"relaxed":[147],"matching":[148],"criteria),":[149],"respectively,":[150],"on":[151],"held-out":[153],"test":[154],"set":[155],"2012":[158,247],"i2b2":[159,248],"challenge.":[162,249],"DISCUSSION:":[163],"Experiments":[164],"reveal":[168],"some":[169],"interesting":[170],"findings,":[171],"such":[172],"as:":[173],"verbal":[175],"tense":[176],"does":[178],"not":[179],"inform":[180],"classification":[184,223],"narratives":[187],"as":[188,190,218],"much":[189],"tokens":[192],"near":[193],"RI-TIMEX.":[195],"Error":[196],"showed":[198],"underrepresented":[200],"classes":[206],"are":[207],"difficult":[208],"detect.":[210],"CONCLUSIONS:":[211],"formulate":[213],"problem":[217],"pair":[220],"problems.":[224],"Considering":[225],"only":[226],"extraction":[228],"normalization,":[230],"statistically":[234],"significant":[235],"improvement":[236],"over":[237],"results":[240],"best":[243],"systems":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
