{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414959985","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocaf160","title":"Zero-shot medical event prediction using a generative pretrained transformer on electronic health records","display_name":"Zero-shot medical event prediction using a generative pretrained transformer on electronic health records","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-09-19","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414959985","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocaf160","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41060255"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/jamia/ocaf160","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocaf160","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocaf160","any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088334950","display_name":"Ekaterina Redekop","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ekaterina Redekop","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical AI Research Lab, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) , Los Angeles, CA 90024,","Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) , Los Angeles, CA 90024,","Department of Radiology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) , Los Angeles, CA 90024,","Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90024, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical AI Research Lab, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) , Los Angeles, CA 90024,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) , Los Angeles, CA 90024,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) , Los Angeles, CA 90024,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90024, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100784335","display_name":"Zichen Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8940-6792"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zichen Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical AI Research Lab, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) , Los Angeles, CA 90024,","Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) , Los Angeles, CA 90024,","Department of Radiology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) , Los Angeles, CA 90024,","Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90024, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical AI Research Lab, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) , Los Angeles, CA 90024,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) , Los Angeles, CA 90024,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) , Los Angeles, CA 90024,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90024, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081764525","display_name":"Rushikesh Kulkarni","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rushikesh Kulkarni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical AI Research Lab, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) , Los Angeles, CA 90024,","Department of Radiology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) , Los Angeles, CA 90024,","Department of Radiology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90024, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical AI Research Lab, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) , Los Angeles, CA 90024,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) , Los Angeles, CA 90024,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90024, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063336104","display_name":"Mara Pleasure","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mara Pleasure","raw_affiliation_strings":["Bioinformatics, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) , Los Angeles, CA 90024,","Biomedical AI Research Lab, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) , Los Angeles, CA 90024,","Department of Radiology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) , Los Angeles, CA 90024,","Bioinformatics, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90024, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bioinformatics, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) , Los Angeles, CA 90024,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical AI Research Lab, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) , Los Angeles, CA 90024,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) , Los Angeles, CA 90024,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Bioinformatics, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90024, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050812121","display_name":"Aaron Chin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9490-6580"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aaron Chin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) , Los Angeles, CA 90024,","Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90024, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) , Los Angeles, CA 90024,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90024, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103095515","display_name":"Hamid Reza Hassanzadeh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1096-2727"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124242","display_name":"Optum (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0370sjj75","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124242"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hamid Reza Hassanzadeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Optum AI , Eden Prairie, MN 55344,","Optum AI, Eden Prairie, MN 55344, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Optum AI , Eden Prairie, MN 55344,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124242"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Optum AI, Eden Prairie, MN 55344, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124242"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Brian L Hill","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124242","display_name":"Optum (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0370sjj75","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124242"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brian L Hill","raw_affiliation_strings":["Optum AI , Eden Prairie, MN 55344,","Optum AI, Eden Prairie, MN 55344, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Optum AI , Eden Prairie, MN 55344,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124242"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Optum AI, Eden Prairie, MN 55344, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124242"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055208311","display_name":"Melika Emami","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4740-9626"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210124242","display_name":"Optum (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/0370sjj75","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210124242"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Melika Emami","raw_affiliation_strings":["Optum AI , Eden Prairie, MN 55344,","Optum AI, Eden Prairie, MN 55344, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Optum AI , Eden Prairie, MN 55344,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124242"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Optum AI, Eden Prairie, MN 55344, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210124242"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029456122","display_name":"William Speier","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0890-8684"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"William F Speier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical AI Research Lab, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) , Los Angeles, CA 90024,","Department of Radiology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) , Los Angeles, CA 90024,","Department of Radiology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90024, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical AI Research Lab, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) , Los Angeles, CA 90024,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) , Los Angeles, CA 90024,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90024, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001751044","display_name":"Corey Arnold","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4119-8143"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Corey W Arnold","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical AI Research Lab, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) , Los Angeles, CA 90024,","Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) , Los Angeles, CA 90024,","Department of Radiology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) , Los Angeles, CA 90024,","Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90024, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical AI Research Lab, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) , Los Angeles, CA 90024,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) , Los Angeles, CA 90024,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) , Los Angeles, CA 90024,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90024, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":10,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5088334950"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"],"apc_list":{"value":3967,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3967},"apc_paid":{"value":3967,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3967},"fwci":3.8114,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.94007143,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"12","first_page":"1833","last_page":"1842"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.9919999837875366,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12488","display_name":"Mental Health via Writing","score":0.0007999999797903001,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.000699999975040555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.6353999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.6105999946594238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-records","display_name":"Health records","score":0.5594000220298767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.542900025844574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/event","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","score":0.47920000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-model","display_name":"Generative model","score":0.4219000041484833}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7218999862670898},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.6353999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.6105999946594238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019952477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324077","display_name":"Health records","level":3,"score":0.5594000220298767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.542900025844574},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5288000106811523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779662365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5416694","display_name":"Event (particle physics)","level":2,"score":0.47920000553131104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4781999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.4219000041484833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154874363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3518464","display_name":"Medical classification","level":2,"score":0.37630000710487366},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020144179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10871684","display_name":"Electronic health record","level":3,"score":0.37049999833106995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.32420000433921814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195910791","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324077","display_name":"Medical record","level":2,"score":0.31029999256134033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45804977","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7239673","display_name":"Predictive modelling","level":2,"score":0.26809999346733093},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63527458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5133829","display_name":"Clinical decision support system","level":3,"score":0.2632000148296356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.2538999915122986}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005544","descriptor_name":"Forecasting","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005544","descriptor_name":"Forecasting","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005544","descriptor_name":"Forecasting","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/jamia/ocaf160","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocaf160","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:41060255","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/41060255","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/jamia/ocaf160","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocaf160","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1997057722","https://openalex.org/W2038355081","https://openalex.org/W2074911228","https://openalex.org/W2080298947","https://openalex.org/W2105160857","https://openalex.org/W2115559222","https://openalex.org/W2171325190","https://openalex.org/W2604719927","https://openalex.org/W2803564469","https://openalex.org/W2974867589","https://openalex.org/W3089168780","https://openalex.org/W3119121025","https://openalex.org/W3133650345","https://openalex.org/W3160137267","https://openalex.org/W3200374506","https://openalex.org/W4280535237","https://openalex.org/W4281634068","https://openalex.org/W4372330520","https://openalex.org/W4385421669","https://openalex.org/W4389132345","https://openalex.org/W4393021028"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVES:":[0],"Longitudinal":[1],"data":[2,33],"in":[3,66,98,166,222,250,285],"electronic":[4],"health":[5],"records":[6],"(EHRs)":[7],"represent":[8],"an":[9,180],"individual's":[10],"clinical":[11,54,145,232,262,286],"history":[12],"through":[13],"a":[14,59,71,101,110,134,217],"sequence":[15],"of":[16,40,91,184,188,216,231,270],"codified":[17],"concepts,":[18],"including":[19],"diagnoses,":[20],"procedures,":[21],"medications,":[22],"and":[23,144,155,176,186,226,245,247,274],"laboratory":[24],"tests.":[25],"Generative":[26],"pretrained":[27,60],"transformers":[28],"(GPT)":[29],"can":[30,43,63],"leverage":[31],"this":[32],"to":[34,52,74,126,150],"predict":[35],"future":[36],"events.":[37],"While":[38],"fine-tuning":[39,75],"these":[41],"models":[42,77,97,273],"enhance":[44],"task-specific":[45,279],"performance,":[46,200],"it":[47],"becomes":[48],"costly":[49],"when":[50],"applied":[51],"many":[53],"prediction":[55,108],"tasks.":[56],"In":[57],"contrast,":[58],"foundation":[61],"model":[62,125,196,221],"be":[64],"used":[65],"zero-shot":[67,92,199,229],"forecasting":[68,93,230],"setting,":[69],"offering":[70],"scalable":[72,283],"alternative":[73],"separate":[76],"for":[78,278],"each":[79],"outcome.":[80],"MATERIALS":[81],"AND":[82],"METHODS:":[83],"This":[84,234,265],"study":[85],"presents":[86],"the":[87,124,128,168,195,214,268,276],"first":[88],"comprehensive":[89],"analysis":[90],"with":[94],"GPT-based":[95],"foundational":[96,218],"EHRs,":[99],"introducing":[100],"novel":[102],"pipeline":[103],"that":[104],"formulates":[105],"medical":[106,130,170],"concept":[107,171],"as":[109,255],"generative":[111],"modeling":[112],"task.":[113],"Unlike":[114],"supervised":[115],"approaches":[116],"requiring":[117],"extensive":[118],"labeled":[119],"data,":[120],"our":[121],"method":[122],"enables":[123],"forecast":[127],"next":[129,169],"event":[131],"purely":[132],"from":[133],"pretraining":[135],"knowledge.":[136],"We":[137,212],"evaluate":[138],"performance":[139,165],"across":[140,240],"multiple":[141],"time":[142],"horizons":[143],"categories,":[146],"demonstrating":[147],"model's":[148,164],"ability":[149],"capture":[151],"latent":[152,261],"temporal":[153],"dependencies":[154],"complex":[156],"patient":[157],"trajectories":[158],"without":[159],"task":[160],"supervision.":[161],"RESULTS:":[162],"The":[163],"predicting":[167],"was":[172],"evaluated":[173],"using":[174],"precision":[175,183],"recall":[177,187],"metrics,":[178],"achieving":[179,201],"average":[181],"top-1":[182],"0.614":[185],"0.524.":[189],"For":[190],"12":[191],"major":[192],"diagnostic":[193],"conditions,":[194],"demonstrated":[197],"strong":[198],"high":[202],"true":[203],"positive":[204],"rates":[205],"while":[206,257],"maintaining":[207],"low":[208],"false":[209],"positives.":[210],"DISCUSSION:":[211],"demonstrate":[213],"power":[215],"EHR":[219],"GPT":[220],"capturing":[223],"diverse":[224],"phenotypes":[225],"enabling":[227,281],"robust,":[228],"outcomes.":[233],"capability":[235,266],"highlights":[236],"both":[237],"its":[238,248],"versatility":[239,269],"conditions":[241],"like":[242],"liver":[243],"cancer":[244],"SLE,":[246],"limitations":[249],"more":[251,282],"ambiguous":[252],"settings":[253],"such":[254],"depression,":[256],"also":[258],"revealing":[259],"meaningful":[260],"structure.":[263],"CONCLUSION:":[264],"enhances":[267],"predictive":[271],"healthcare":[272],"reduces":[275],"need":[277],"training,":[280],"applications":[284],"settings.":[287]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T06:26:12.895304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}