{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4414003060","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocaf142","title":"Multimodal deep learning for immunotherapy response prediction and biomarker discovery in non-small cell lung cancer","display_name":"Multimodal deep learning for immunotherapy response prediction and biomarker discovery in non-small cell lung cancer","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-08-02","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4414003060","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocaf142","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40901703"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/jamia/ocaf142","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocaf142","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100729839","display_name":"Zijun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2095-2151"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130541836","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/025s55q11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130541836"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zijun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Academy of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology , 19 Qingyuan North Road, Daxing District , Beijing 102617,","Academy of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, 19 Qingyuan North Road, Daxing District, Beijing 102617, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academy of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology , 19 Qingyuan North Road, Daxing District , Beijing 102617,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I130541836"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academy of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, 19 Qingyuan North Road, Daxing District, Beijing 102617, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I130541836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082616945","display_name":"Xi Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1154-9784"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130541836","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/025s55q11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130541836"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Academy of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology , 19 Qingyuan North Road, Daxing District , Beijing 102617,","Academy of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, 19 Qingyuan North Road, Daxing District, Beijing 102617, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academy of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology , 19 Qingyuan North Road, Daxing District , Beijing 102617,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I130541836"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academy of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, 19 Qingyuan North Road, Daxing District, Beijing 102617, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I130541836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101322618","display_name":"Kaitai Han","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130541836","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/025s55q11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130541836"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaitai Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Academy of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology , 19 Qingyuan North Road, Daxing District , Beijing 102617,","Academy of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, 19 Qingyuan North Road, Daxing District, Beijing 102617, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academy of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology , 19 Qingyuan North Road, Daxing District , Beijing 102617,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I130541836"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academy of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, 19 Qingyuan North Road, Daxing District, Beijing 102617, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I130541836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5036799366","display_name":"Lixin Lei","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130541836","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/025s55q11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130541836"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lixin Lei","raw_affiliation_strings":["Academy of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology , 19 Qingyuan North Road, Daxing District , Beijing 102617,","Academy of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, 19 Qingyuan North Road, Daxing District, Beijing 102617, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academy of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology , 19 Qingyuan North Road, Daxing District , Beijing 102617,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I130541836"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academy of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, 19 Qingyuan North Road, Daxing District, Beijing 102617, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I130541836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079887812","display_name":"Chaojing Shi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7595-5556"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130541836","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/025s55q11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130541836"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaojing Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Academy of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology , 19 Qingyuan North Road, Daxing District , Beijing 102617,","Academy of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, 19 Qingyuan North Road, Daxing District, Beijing 102617, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7595-5556","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academy of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology , 19 Qingyuan North Road, Daxing District , Beijing 102617,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I130541836"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academy of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, 19 Qingyuan North Road, Daxing District, Beijing 102617, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I130541836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100743423","display_name":"Wu Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3058-2067"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130541836","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/025s55q11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130541836"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Wu Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Academy of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology , 19 Qingyuan North Road, Daxing District , Beijing 102617,","Academy of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, 19 Qingyuan North Road, Daxing District, Beijing 102617, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academy of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology , 19 Qingyuan North Road, Daxing District , Beijing 102617,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I130541836"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academy of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, 19 Qingyuan North Road, Daxing District, Beijing 102617, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I130541836"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101696694","display_name":"Qianjin Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8895-7899"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130541836","display_name":"Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/025s55q11","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130541836"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210100255","display_name":"Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence","ror":"https://ror.org/016a74861","country_code":"CN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Qianjin Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Academy of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology , 19 Qingyuan North Road, Daxing District , Beijing 102617,","Academy of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, 19 Qingyuan North Road, Daxing District, Beijing 102617, China"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8895-7899","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academy of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology , 19 Qingyuan North Road, Daxing District , Beijing 102617,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I130541836"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Academy of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing Institute of Petrochemical Technology, 19 Qingyuan North Road, Daxing District, Beijing 102617, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210100255","https://openalex.org/I130541836"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5101696694"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130541836","https://openalex.org/I4210100255"],"apc_list":{"value":3967,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3967},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.396,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.85774748,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"11","first_page":"1641","last_page":"1653"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.5746999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.5746999979019165,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10158","display_name":"Cancer Immunotherapy and Biomarkers","score":0.12919999659061432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2730","display_name":"Oncology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.07410000264644623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immunotherapy","display_name":"Immunotherapy","score":0.5456701517105103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.5422682166099548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomarker-discovery","display_name":"Biomarker discovery","score":0.5149946808815002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/personalized-medicine","display_name":"Personalized medicine","score":0.45992881059646606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomarker","display_name":"Biomarker","score":0.4492008090019226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4199267029762268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4198251962661743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.40865835547447205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.38753393292427063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bioinformatics","display_name":"Bioinformatics","score":0.3033120632171631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cancer","display_name":"Cancer","score":0.28001880645751953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.1816476285457611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.09053578972816467}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777701055","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427096","display_name":"Immunotherapy","level":3,"score":0.5456701517105103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.5422682166099548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124535831","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4915074","display_name":"Biomarker discovery","level":4,"score":0.5149946808815002},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C32220436","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2072214","display_name":"Personalized medicine","level":2,"score":0.45992881059646606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781197716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864574","display_name":"Biomarker","level":2,"score":0.4492008090019226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4199267029762268},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4198251962661743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.40865835547447205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.38753393292427063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C60644358","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128570","display_name":"Bioinformatics","level":1,"score":0.3033120632171631},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121608353","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12078","display_name":"Cancer","level":2,"score":0.28001880645751953},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.1816476285457611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.09053578972816467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46111723","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q471857","display_name":"Proteomics","level":3,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C104317684","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187","display_name":"Gene","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000082082","descriptor_name":"Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000082082","descriptor_name":"Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000082082","descriptor_name":"Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors","qualifier_ui":"Q000627","qualifier_name":"therapeutic use","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002289","descriptor_name":"Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002289","descriptor_name":"Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002289","descriptor_name":"Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002289","descriptor_name":"Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002289","descriptor_name":"Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002289","descriptor_name":"Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002289","descriptor_name":"Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002289","descriptor_name":"Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002289","descriptor_name":"Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007167","descriptor_name":"Immunotherapy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007167","descriptor_name":"Immunotherapy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007167","descriptor_name":"Immunotherapy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000235","qualifier_name":"genetics","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008175","descriptor_name":"Lung Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008875","descriptor_name":"Middle Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014408","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers, Tumor","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014408","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers, Tumor","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014408","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers, Tumor","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/jamia/ocaf142","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocaf142","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40901703","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40901703","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3692824497","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2019821001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321572","funder_display_name":"Beijing Municipal Commission of Education"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G754080256","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"52361145714","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7990167857","display_name":"\u5206\u5b50\u805a\u96c6\u4f53\u591a\u751f\u8272\u56e2\u95f4\u76f8\u4e92\u4f5c\u7528\u673a\u7406\u53ca\u5149\u8c31\u5b66\u7814\u7a76","funder_award_id":"21673252","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","funder_display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321572","display_name":"Beijing Municipal Commission of Education","ror":"https://ror.org/04bpn6s66"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":47,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1982488143","https://openalex.org/W2010263122","https://openalex.org/W2104347254","https://openalex.org/W2114843025","https://openalex.org/W2125616358","https://openalex.org/W2143163879","https://openalex.org/W2152897456","https://openalex.org/W2184188583","https://openalex.org/W2191164563","https://openalex.org/W2209812019","https://openalex.org/W2293063104","https://openalex.org/W2343160907","https://openalex.org/W2529484692","https://openalex.org/W2610082331","https://openalex.org/W2746791238","https://openalex.org/W2895683352","https://openalex.org/W2913603298","https://openalex.org/W2943162041","https://openalex.org/W2946166987","https://openalex.org/W2954499361","https://openalex.org/W2971074500","https://openalex.org/W2976744492","https://openalex.org/W2996092187","https://openalex.org/W3000445801","https://openalex.org/W3003790196","https://openalex.org/W3006514782","https://openalex.org/W3011727199","https://openalex.org/W3018852185","https://openalex.org/W3019348377","https://openalex.org/W3036901136","https://openalex.org/W3043942728","https://openalex.org/W3083699157","https://openalex.org/W3098789188","https://openalex.org/W3119086885","https://openalex.org/W3127167602","https://openalex.org/W3135105663","https://openalex.org/W3136098559","https://openalex.org/W3146357267","https://openalex.org/W3156579229","https://openalex.org/W3173151551","https://openalex.org/W3198587100","https://openalex.org/W4206239577","https://openalex.org/W4213366250","https://openalex.org/W4308770506","https://openalex.org/W4385647770","https://openalex.org/W4386438154","https://openalex.org/W4391617799"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W112583468","https://openalex.org/W96119380","https://openalex.org/W3023706879","https://openalex.org/W4298030740","https://openalex.org/W4404588215","https://openalex.org/W2108949684","https://openalex.org/W4246773350","https://openalex.org/W1965976436","https://openalex.org/W2012655824","https://openalex.org/W3177170977"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"Immunotherapy":[1],"has":[2],"emerged":[3],"as":[4],"a":[5,25,36,78,133],"promising":[6],"treatment":[7,245],"for":[8,81,91,243],"advanced":[9,65,229],"non-small":[10],"cell":[11],"lung":[12],"cancer":[13],"(NSCLC),":[14],"but":[15,238],"accurately":[16],"predicting":[17,224],"which":[18],"patients":[19,63],"will":[20],"benefit":[21],"from":[22],"it":[23],"remains":[24],"major":[26],"clinical":[27,47,119,164,189],"challenge.":[28],"To":[29],"address":[30],"this,":[31],"we":[32],"aim":[33],"to":[34,49,53,170,181,226],"develop":[35],"novel":[37],"multimodal":[38,126,176],"method,":[39],"DeepAFM,":[40],"that":[41,153],"integrates":[42],"histopathology,":[43],"genomic":[44,116,161],"features,":[45,113],"and":[46,85,94,107,118,163,188,194,211,247],"information":[48],"predict":[50],"patient":[51,168],"responses":[52,169,225],"anti-PD-(L)1":[54],"immunotherapy.":[55,171],"MATERIALS":[56],"AND":[57],"METHODS:":[58],"A":[59],"total":[60],"of":[61,99,144,175,197,207,220],"93":[62],"with":[64,115,137,167],"NSCLC":[66],"were":[67,75,88,101,121],"included":[68],"in":[69,223,228],"this":[70],"study.":[71],"Histopathological":[72],"whole-slide":[73],"images":[74],"processed":[76],"using":[77],"self-supervised":[79],"VQVAE2":[80],"representation":[82],"learning.":[83],"PCA":[84],"K-means":[86],"clustering":[87],"then":[89],"applied":[90],"dimensionality":[92],"reduction":[93],"feature":[95],"grouping.":[96],"Key":[97],"regions":[98],"interest":[100],"visualized":[102],"through":[103],"permutation":[104],"importance":[105],"evaluation":[106],"color-coding":[108],"techniques.":[109],"The":[110,130,173,201,231],"extracted":[111],"histopathological":[112],"along":[114],"alterations":[117],"variables,":[120],"integrated":[122],"into":[123],"the":[124,141,154,179,192,205,218,221],"DeepAFM":[125,131,222],"prediction":[127,236],"model.":[128],"RESULTS:":[129],"achieved":[132],"high":[134],"predictive":[135,195],"performance":[136],"an":[138],"area":[139],"under":[140],"curve":[142],"(AUC)":[143],"0.77":[145],"(95%":[146],"confidence":[147],"interval:":[148],"0.69-1.00).":[149],"Attention-based":[150],"heatmaps":[151],"revealed":[152],"model":[155,180],"could":[156],"identify":[157],"critical":[158],"pathological":[159],"patterns,":[160],"mutations,":[162],"indicators":[165],"associated":[166],"DISCUSSION:":[172],"integration":[174],"data":[177],"enabled":[178],"capture":[182],"complex":[183],"interactions":[184],"among":[185],"pathology,":[186],"genomics,":[187],"characteristics,":[190],"enhancing":[191],"interpretability":[193],"power":[196],"immunotherapy":[198,227],"response":[199],"prediction.":[200],"visualization":[202],"techniques":[203],"facilitated":[204],"identification":[206],"biologically":[208],"meaningful":[209],"features":[210],"potential":[212],"biomarkers.":[213],"CONCLUSION:":[214],"This":[215],"study":[216],"demonstrates":[217],"effectiveness":[219],"NSCLC.":[230],"approach":[232],"not":[233],"only":[234],"improves":[235],"accuracy":[237],"also":[239],"provides":[240],"valuable":[241],"insights":[242],"personalized":[244],"strategies":[246],"biomarker":[248],"discovery.":[249]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-23T06:36:01.041984","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}