{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4411078077","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocaf089","title":"Towards an estimate of the impact of censorship on biomedical literature","display_name":"Towards an estimate of the impact of censorship on biomedical literature","publication_year":2025,"publication_date":"2025-06-05","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4411078077","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocaf089","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40471674"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/jamia/ocaf089","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocaf089","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027333200","display_name":"Clair Kronk","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8397-8810"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98704320","display_name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai","ror":"https://ror.org/04a9tmd77","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1320796813","https://openalex.org/I98704320"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Clair Kronk","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Population Health Science and Policy (PHSP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY 10029-5674,","Department of Population Health Science and Policy (PHSP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-5674, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8397-8810","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Population Health Science and Policy (PHSP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai , New York, NY 10029-5674,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98704320"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Population Health Science and Policy (PHSP), Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029-5674, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98704320"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038810932","display_name":"Os Keyes","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5196-609X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I133738476","display_name":"University of Massachusetts Lowell","ror":"https://ror.org/03hamhx47","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Os Keyes","raw_affiliation_strings":["Evans Lab, Department of Philosophy, University of Massachusetts, Lowell , Lowell, MA 01854,","Evans Lab, Department of Philosophy, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Evans Lab, Department of Philosophy, University of Massachusetts, Lowell , Lowell, MA 01854,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Evans Lab, Department of Philosophy, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I133738476"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023043627","display_name":"Megh Marathe","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5255-4599"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I87216513","display_name":"Michigan State University","ror":"https://ror.org/05hs6h993","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Megh Marathe","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Media & Information and Center for Bioethics & Social Justice, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI 48824,","Department of Media & Information and Center for Bioethics & Social Justice, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Media & Information and Center for Bioethics & Social Justice, Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI 48824,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Media & Information and Center for Bioethics & Social Justice, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I87216513"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5027333200"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98704320"],"apc_list":{"value":3967,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3967},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6984,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.70129451,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"32","issue":"7","first_page":"1199","last_page":"1205"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.2648000121116638,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11710","display_name":"Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies","score":0.2648000121116638,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13607","display_name":"Academic Publishing and Open Access","score":0.11540000140666962,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1802","display_name":"Information Systems and Management"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/18","display_name":"Decision Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11492","display_name":"Academic integrity and plagiarism","score":0.08070000261068344,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3311","display_name":"Safety Research"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/33","display_name":"Social Sciences"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/censorship","display_name":"Censorship","score":0.7498323321342468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interim","display_name":"Interim","score":0.7159678936004639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/term","display_name":"Term (time)","score":0.5689746141433716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scientific-literature","display_name":"Scientific literature","score":0.5438417196273804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology-of-scientific-knowledge","display_name":"Sociology of scientific knowledge","score":0.45109862089157104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relation","display_name":"Relation (database)","score":0.4303808808326721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.411869078874588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/library-science","display_name":"Library science","score":0.38634350895881653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/political-science","display_name":"Political science","score":0.3309028744697571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/law","display_name":"Law","score":0.2358798384666443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.19368594884872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/social-science","display_name":"Social science","score":0.13021305203437805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-mining","display_name":"Data mining","score":0.10719934105873108}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52930066","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q543","display_name":"Censorship","level":2,"score":0.7498323321342468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776957806","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4895105","display_name":"Interim","level":2,"score":0.7159678936004639},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C61797465","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1188986","display_name":"Term (time)","level":2,"score":0.5689746141433716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781083858","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17327049","display_name":"Scientific literature","level":2,"score":0.5438417196273804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195732255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q981008","display_name":"Sociology of scientific knowledge","level":2,"score":0.45109862089157104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C25343380","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q277521","display_name":"Relation (database)","level":2,"score":0.4303808808326721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.411869078874588},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C161191863","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q199655","display_name":"Library science","level":1,"score":0.38634350895881653},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.3309028744697571},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.2358798384666443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.19368594884872437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.13021305203437805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124101348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172491","display_name":"Data mining","level":1,"score":0.10719934105873108},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010506","descriptor_name":"Periodicals as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010506","descriptor_name":"Periodicals as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010506","descriptor_name":"Periodicals as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010506","descriptor_name":"Periodicals as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010506","descriptor_name":"Periodicals as Topic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011643","descriptor_name":"Publishing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011643","descriptor_name":"Publishing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011643","descriptor_name":"Publishing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011643","descriptor_name":"Publishing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011643","descriptor_name":"Publishing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014481","descriptor_name":"United States","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015706","descriptor_name":"Bibliometrics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015706","descriptor_name":"Bibliometrics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015706","descriptor_name":"Bibliometrics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015706","descriptor_name":"Bibliometrics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015706","descriptor_name":"Bibliometrics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D035843","descriptor_name":"Biomedical Research","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D035843","descriptor_name":"Biomedical Research","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D035843","descriptor_name":"Biomedical Research","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D035843","descriptor_name":"Biomedical Research","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D035843","descriptor_name":"Biomedical Research","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D039781","descriptor_name":"PubMed","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D039781","descriptor_name":"PubMed","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D039781","descriptor_name":"PubMed","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D039781","descriptor_name":"PubMed","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D039781","descriptor_name":"PubMed","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/jamia/ocaf089","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocaf089","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:40471674","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40471674","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7599999904632568,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":41,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1808906688","https://openalex.org/W2052862793","https://openalex.org/W2055442465","https://openalex.org/W2056293385","https://openalex.org/W2068181924","https://openalex.org/W2095655043","https://openalex.org/W2106096361","https://openalex.org/W2113037525","https://openalex.org/W2132977017","https://openalex.org/W2157823046","https://openalex.org/W2176411861","https://openalex.org/W2594700065","https://openalex.org/W2759033697","https://openalex.org/W2781375318","https://openalex.org/W2892002136","https://openalex.org/W2995536335","https://openalex.org/W3002539152","https://openalex.org/W3034212127","https://openalex.org/W3037021629","https://openalex.org/W3104294685","https://openalex.org/W3137085874","https://openalex.org/W3164638863","https://openalex.org/W3180039071","https://openalex.org/W3192546320","https://openalex.org/W3213602717","https://openalex.org/W4206020641","https://openalex.org/W4243305946","https://openalex.org/W4296401063","https://openalex.org/W4307925772","https://openalex.org/W4385522389","https://openalex.org/W4386574661","https://openalex.org/W4388819006","https://openalex.org/W4389740521","https://openalex.org/W4391132514","https://openalex.org/W4394841615","https://openalex.org/W4399757216","https://openalex.org/W4404755852","https://openalex.org/W4407126452","https://openalex.org/W4408122450","https://openalex.org/W4408180518","https://openalex.org/W6754485508"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1969630132","https://openalex.org/W2901809887","https://openalex.org/W4239271673","https://openalex.org/W4242296308","https://openalex.org/W2059665379","https://openalex.org/W4396667065","https://openalex.org/W2272386318","https://openalex.org/W4405391010","https://openalex.org/W1970893070","https://openalex.org/W2168951683"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"To":[1],"determine":[2],"how":[3],"much":[4],"of":[5,21,66,83,129,135,142,167,174],"the":[6,19,28,34,40,67,71,102,123,133,140,155,165,170],"current":[7],"biomedical":[8,85,120],"literature":[9,86],"would":[10,94],"be":[11,95],"flagged":[12,96],"or":[13,99],"require":[14],"modification":[15,100],"in":[16,45],"relation":[17],"to":[18,56,138,163],"presence":[20],"terms":[22,72],"from":[23],"leaked":[24],"lists":[25,113,137],"prepared":[26],"by":[27],"Centers":[29],"for":[30,58,97],"Disease":[31],"Control":[32],"(CDC),":[33],"National":[35,41],"Science":[36],"Foundation":[37],"(NSF),":[38],"and":[39,73,76,132,159,172],"Security":[42],"Administration":[43],"(NSA)":[44],"early":[46],"2025.":[47],"MATERIALS":[48],"AND":[49],"METHODS:":[50],"We":[51],"searched":[52],"PubMed":[53],"(from":[54],"1996":[55],"2024)":[57],"all":[59,84],"records":[60],"that":[61,110],"match":[62],"at":[63],"least":[64,81],"one":[65],"given":[68,103],"terms,":[69],"combined":[70],"analyzed":[74],"yearly":[75],"total":[77],"frequency.":[78],"RESULTS:":[79],"At":[80],"36.3%":[82],"analyzed,":[87],"representing":[88],"more":[89,116],"than":[90,117],"10":[91],"million":[92,119],"records,":[93],"review":[98],"with":[101],"term":[104,112,136],"lists.":[105],"It":[106],"is":[107],"conservatively":[108],"estimated":[109],"such":[111],"could":[114,145],"impact":[115],"2.7":[118],"publications":[121],"over":[122],"next":[124],"four":[125],"years.":[126],"DISCUSSION:":[127],"Censorship":[128],"scientific":[130,143,148,175],"findings":[131],"use":[134],"judge":[139],"content":[141],"materials":[144],"significantly":[146],"impede":[147],"progress.":[149],"CONCLUSION:":[150],"Future":[151],"research":[152],"should":[153],"investigate":[154],"long-term":[156],"implications":[157],"of,":[158],"interim":[160],"strategies":[161],"used":[162],"navigate,":[164],"imposition":[166],"censorship":[168],"on":[169],"production":[171],"dissemination":[173],"knowledge.":[176]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-29T09:16:38.111599","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
