{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4406238604","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocae320","title":"Smart Imitator: Learning from Imperfect Clinical Decisions","display_name":"Smart Imitator: Learning from Imperfect Clinical Decisions","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-12-23","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4406238604","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocae320","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39792998"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/jamia/ocae320","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocae320","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamia/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/jamia/ocae320/61411081/ocae320.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamia/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/jamia/ocae320/61411081/ocae320.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5108815886","display_name":"Dilruk Perera","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150261","display_name":"National University Health System","ror":"https://ror.org/05tjjsh18","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210150261"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dilruk Perera","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Data Science, National University of Singapore , 117602,","Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore , 117549,","Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, 117549, Singapore","Institute of Data Science, National University of Singapore, 117602, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Data Science, National University of Singapore , 117602,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore , 117549,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596","https://openalex.org/I4210150261"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, 117549, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Data Science, National University of Singapore, 117602, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100390243","display_name":"Siqi Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8649-3162"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Siqi Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Data Science, National University of Singapore , 117602,","NUS Graduate School\u2014ISEP , 119077,","Institute of Data Science, National University of Singapore, 117602, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Data Science, National University of Singapore , 117602,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"NUS Graduate School\u2014ISEP , 119077,","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Data Science, National University of Singapore, 117602, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057727929","display_name":"Kay Choong See","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2528-7282"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kay Choong See","raw_affiliation_strings":["Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , 117597,","Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore , 117597,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022222926","display_name":"Mengling Feng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5338-6248"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I165932596","display_name":"National University of Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/01tgyzw49","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210150261","display_name":"National University Health System","ror":"https://ror.org/05tjjsh18","country_code":"SG","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210150261"]}],"countries":["SG"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mengling Feng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Data Science, National University of Singapore , 117602,","Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore , 117549,","Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, 117549, Singapore","Institute of Data Science, National University of Singapore, 117602, Singapore"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Data Science, National University of Singapore , 117602,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore , 117549,","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596","https://openalex.org/I4210150261"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, 117549, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Data Science, National University of Singapore, 117602, Singapore","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5022222926"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I165932596","https://openalex.org/I4210150261"],"apc_list":{"value":3967,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3967},"apc_paid":{"value":3967,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3967},"fwci":0.7269,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":3,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.7735279,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"33","issue":"1","first_page":"49","last_page":"66"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.5536999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.5536999702453613,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10218","display_name":"Sepsis Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.13199999928474426,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11519","display_name":"Digital Mental Health Interventions","score":0.053599998354911804,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3202","display_name":"Applied Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7281370759010315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generalizability-theory","display_name":"Generalizability theory","score":0.6445118188858032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6084054708480835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5758493542671204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reinforcement-learning","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","score":0.5567032098770142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/categorization","display_name":"Categorization","score":0.49776938557624817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.12647324800491333}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7281370759010315},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27158222","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532422","display_name":"Generalizability theory","level":2,"score":0.6445118188858032},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6084054708480835},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5758493542671204},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97541855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q830687","display_name":"Reinforcement learning","level":2,"score":0.5567032098770142},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94124525","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q912550","display_name":"Categorization","level":2,"score":0.49776938557624817},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.12647324800491333},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138496976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q175002","display_name":"Developmental psychology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000066491","descriptor_name":"Clinical Decision-Making","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000066491","descriptor_name":"Clinical Decision-Making","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000066491","descriptor_name":"Clinical Decision-Making","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000066491","descriptor_name":"Clinical Decision-Making","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003920","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus","qualifier_ui":"Q000401","qualifier_name":"mortality","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003920","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus","qualifier_ui":"Q000401","qualifier_name":"mortality","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003920","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus","qualifier_ui":"Q000401","qualifier_name":"mortality","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003920","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus","qualifier_ui":"Q000401","qualifier_name":"mortality","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003920","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003920","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003920","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003920","descriptor_name":"Diabetes Mellitus","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018805","descriptor_name":"Sepsis","qualifier_ui":"Q000401","qualifier_name":"mortality","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018805","descriptor_name":"Sepsis","qualifier_ui":"Q000401","qualifier_name":"mortality","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018805","descriptor_name":"Sepsis","qualifier_ui":"Q000401","qualifier_name":"mortality","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018805","descriptor_name":"Sepsis","qualifier_ui":"Q000401","qualifier_name":"mortality","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018805","descriptor_name":"Sepsis","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018805","descriptor_name":"Sepsis","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018805","descriptor_name":"Sepsis","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018805","descriptor_name":"Sepsis","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057285","descriptor_name":"Precision Medicine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057285","descriptor_name":"Precision Medicine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057285","descriptor_name":"Precision Medicine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057285","descriptor_name":"Precision Medicine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/jamia/ocae320","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocae320","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamia/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/jamia/ocae320/61411081/ocae320.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:39792998","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39792998","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:12758472","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12758472/","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12758472/pdf/ocae320.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Am Med Inform Assoc","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/jamia/ocae320","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocae320","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamia/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/jamia/ocae320/61411081/ocae320.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8500000238418579}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2395061527","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"24-0180-A0001-0","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F5506644440","funder_display_name":"Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4714111969","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AISG2-TC-","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5588925999","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AISG-GC-2019-001","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5949233296","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RIE2025","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6795395860","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AISG2-TC-2022-004","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6909684955","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"AISG-GC-2019-001-2B","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","funder_display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320307791","display_name":"Cisco Systems","ror":"https://ror.org/03yt1ez60"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320671","display_name":"National Research Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/05s0g1g46"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320709","display_name":"National Research Foundation Singapore","ror":"https://ror.org/03cpyc314"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F5506644440","display_name":"Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":true,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406238604.pdf","grobid_xml":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4406238604.grobid-xml"},"referenced_works_count":37,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W114929610","https://openalex.org/W1492711775","https://openalex.org/W1510692630","https://openalex.org/W1986014385","https://openalex.org/W1994307831","https://openalex.org/W2009187570","https://openalex.org/W2027795129","https://openalex.org/W2039251546","https://openalex.org/W2055571966","https://openalex.org/W2104969481","https://openalex.org/W2107872096","https://openalex.org/W2120839204","https://openalex.org/W2125283006","https://openalex.org/W2130726249","https://openalex.org/W2132131059","https://openalex.org/W2145339207","https://openalex.org/W2150291618","https://openalex.org/W2165612525","https://openalex.org/W2165867286","https://openalex.org/W2167425257","https://openalex.org/W2168458505","https://openalex.org/W2280404143","https://openalex.org/W2396212074","https://openalex.org/W2470838351","https://openalex.org/W2748885884","https://openalex.org/W2896893468","https://openalex.org/W2899259578","https://openalex.org/W2904730732","https://openalex.org/W2915273306","https://openalex.org/W2921622535","https://openalex.org/W3004041605","https://openalex.org/W3025019304","https://openalex.org/W3216656735","https://openalex.org/W4231760107","https://openalex.org/W4292157289","https://openalex.org/W4400424163","https://openalex.org/W6712479672"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2961085424","https://openalex.org/W4306674287","https://openalex.org/W4387369504","https://openalex.org/W4394896187","https://openalex.org/W3170094116","https://openalex.org/W4386462264","https://openalex.org/W3107602296","https://openalex.org/W4364306694","https://openalex.org/W4312192474","https://openalex.org/W4283697347"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVES:":[0],"This":[1,202],"study":[2,203],"introduces":[3],"Smart":[4,31,72,158],"Imitator":[5,159],"(SI),":[6],"a":[7,41,58,80,89,221],"2-phase":[8],"reinforcement":[9],"learning":[10,39,65,210],"(RL)":[11],"solution":[12],"enhancing":[13],"personalized":[14,208,226],"treatment":[15,68,216],"policies":[16,49,69,135],"in":[17,108,206,228],"healthcare,":[18],"addressing":[19,164],"challenges":[20,165],"from":[21,50,211],"imperfect":[22,168],"clinician":[23,48,212],"data":[24,169],"and":[25,88,98,142,170,181,188,199,231],"complex":[26,230],"environments.":[27,233],"MATERIALS":[28],"AND":[29],"METHODS:":[30],"Imitator's":[32,73],"first":[33],"phase":[34,56],"uses":[35],"adversarial":[36],"cooperative":[37],"imitation":[38],"with":[40,83,92,138,150],"novel":[42],"sample":[43],"selection":[44],"schema":[45],"to":[46,52,62,121,196,214],"categorize":[47],"optimal":[51],"nonoptimal.":[53],"The":[54,133],"second":[55],"creates":[57],"parameterized":[59],"reward":[60],"function":[61],"guide":[63],"the":[64,122,176],"of":[66,179,190],"superior":[67],"through":[70],"RL.":[71],"effectiveness":[74,174],"was":[75],"validated":[76],"on":[77],"2":[78],"datasets:":[79],"sepsis":[81,180],"dataset":[82,91],"19":[84],"711":[85],"patient":[86],"trajectories":[87],"diabetes":[90],"7234":[93],"trajectories.":[94],"RESULTS:":[95],"Extensive":[96],"quantitative":[97],"qualitative":[99],"experiments":[100],"showed":[101],"that":[102],"SI":[103,113,127],"significantly":[104],"outperformed":[105],"state-of-the-art":[106],"baselines":[107],"both":[109],"datasets.":[110],"For":[111,125],"sepsis,":[112],"reduced":[114,128],"estimated":[115],"mortality":[116],"rates":[117,130],"by":[118,131,163],"19.6%":[119],"compared":[120],"best":[123],"baseline.":[124],"diabetes,":[126],"HbA1c-High":[129],"12.2%.":[132],"learned":[134],"aligned":[136,149],"closely":[137],"successful":[139],"clinical":[140,152],"decisions":[141],"deviated":[143],"strategically":[144],"when":[145],"necessary.":[146],"These":[147],"deviations":[148],"recent":[151],"findings,":[153],"suggesting":[154],"improved":[155],"outcomes.":[156,217],"DISCUSSION:":[157],"advances":[160],"RL":[161,192],"applications":[162],"such":[166],"as":[167],"environmental":[171],"complexities,":[172],"demonstrating":[173],"within":[175],"tested":[177],"conditions":[178,187],"diabetes.":[182],"Further":[183],"validation":[184],"across":[185],"diverse":[186],"exploration":[189],"additional":[191],"algorithms":[193],"are":[194],"needed":[195],"enhance":[197],"precision":[198],"generalizability.":[200],"CONCLUSION:":[201],"shows":[204],"potential":[205],"advancing":[207],"healthcare":[209],"behaviors":[213],"improve":[215],"Its":[218],"methodology":[219],"offers":[220],"robust":[222],"approach":[223],"for":[224],"adaptive,":[225],"strategies":[227],"various":[229],"uncertain":[232]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-25T15:57:00.446498","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
