{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4396718856","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocae091","title":"Comparing natural language processing representations of coded disease sequences for prediction in electronic health records","display_name":"Comparing natural language processing representations of coded disease sequences for prediction in electronic health records","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-05-08","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4396718856","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocae091","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38719204"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/jamia/ocae091","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocae091","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamia/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/jamia/ocae091/57452624/ocae091.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"hybrid","oa_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamia/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/jamia/ocae091/57452624/ocae091.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005294873","display_name":"Thomas Beaney","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9709-7264"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Beaney","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Centre for Mathematics of Precision Healthcare, Imperial College London , London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom","Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London , London, W12 0BZ, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9709-7264","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Centre for Mathematics of Precision Healthcare, Imperial College London , London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London , London, W12 0BZ, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5110421742","display_name":"Sneha Jha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4613-9783"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sneha Jha","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Centre for Mathematics of Precision Healthcare, Imperial College London , London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Centre for Mathematics of Precision Healthcare, Imperial College London , London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007771081","display_name":"Asem Alaa","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Asem Alaa","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Centre for Mathematics of Precision Healthcare, Imperial College London , London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Centre for Mathematics of Precision Healthcare, Imperial College London , London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049270568","display_name":"Alexander Smith","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4593-3042"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London , London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London , London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071550327","display_name":"Jonathan Clarke","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1495-7746"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan Clarke","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Centre for Mathematics of Precision Healthcare, Imperial College London , London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Centre for Mathematics of Precision Healthcare, Imperial College London , London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049673294","display_name":"Thomas Woodcock","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4735-4856"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Woodcock","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London , London, W12 0BZ, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4735-4856","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London , London, W12 0BZ, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015302801","display_name":"Azeem Majeed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2357-9858"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Azeem Majeed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London , London, W12 0BZ, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London , London, W12 0BZ, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012790083","display_name":"Paul Aylin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4589-1743"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Paul Aylin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London , London, W12 0BZ, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4589-1743","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Primary Care and Public Health, Imperial College London , London, W12 0BZ, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058010593","display_name":"Mauricio Barahona","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1089-5675"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mauricio Barahona","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Mathematics, Centre for Mathematics of Precision Healthcare, Imperial College London , London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1089-5675","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Mathematics, Centre for Mathematics of Precision Healthcare, Imperial College London , London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5005294873"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"apc_list":{"value":3967,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3967},"apc_paid":{"value":3967,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3967},"fwci":3.4389,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93156864,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"7","first_page":"1451","last_page":"1462"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.9711999893188477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.9711999893188477,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.0052999998442828655,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.0031999999191612005,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-records","display_name":"Health records","score":0.8045458793640137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.700855016708374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-health-record","display_name":"Electronic health record","score":0.629564642906189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6258651614189148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6160727143287659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence-labeling","display_name":"Sequence labeling","score":0.5417457818984985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sequence","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","score":0.49208468198776245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language","display_name":"Natural language","score":0.45011648535728455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.06790947914123535}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019952477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324077","display_name":"Health records","level":3,"score":0.8045458793640137},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.700855016708374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020144179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10871684","display_name":"Electronic health record","level":3,"score":0.629564642906189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6258651614189148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6160727143287659},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C35639132","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7452468","display_name":"Sequence labeling","level":3,"score":0.5417457818984985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778112365","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3511065","display_name":"Sequence (biology)","level":2,"score":0.49208468198776245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195324797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33742","display_name":"Natural language","level":2,"score":0.45011648535728455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.06790947914123535},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004194","descriptor_name":"Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004194","descriptor_name":"Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004194","descriptor_name":"Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004194","descriptor_name":"Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004194","descriptor_name":"Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004194","descriptor_name":"Disease","qualifier_ui":"Q000145","qualifier_name":"classification","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004739","descriptor_name":"England","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004739","descriptor_name":"England","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004739","descriptor_name":"England","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004739","descriptor_name":"England","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004739","descriptor_name":"England","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004739","descriptor_name":"England","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015331","descriptor_name":"Cohort Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015331","descriptor_name":"Cohort Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015331","descriptor_name":"Cohort Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015331","descriptor_name":"Cohort Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015331","descriptor_name":"Cohort Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015331","descriptor_name":"Cohort Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/jamia/ocae091","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocae091","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamia/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/jamia/ocae091/57452624/ocae091.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38719204","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38719204","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11187492","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11187492","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11187492/pdf/ocae091.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Am Med Inform Assoc","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/jamia/ocae091","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocae091","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamia/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/jamia/ocae091/57452624/ocae091.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8500000238418579,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2453345397","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"EP/N014529/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5507336725","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"215938/Z/19/Z","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","funder_display_name":"Wellcome Trust"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7417950124","display_name":"EPSRC Centre for Mathematics of Precision Healthcare","funder_award_id":"EP/N014529/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309229","display_name":"National Institute on Handicapped Research","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311904","display_name":"Wellcome Trust","ror":"https://ror.org/029chgv08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319990","display_name":"National Institute for Health and Care Research","ror":"https://ror.org/0187kwz08"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320319994","display_name":"Department of Health and Social Care","ror":"https://ror.org/03sbpja79"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320320283","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320336039","display_name":"NIHR Imperial Biomedical Research Centre","ror":"https://ror.org/01kmhx639"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F7017704138","display_name":"Niilo Helanderin S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4396718856.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2069381373","https://openalex.org/W2119852447","https://openalex.org/W2463867832","https://openalex.org/W2805062403","https://openalex.org/W2805587876","https://openalex.org/W2898856363","https://openalex.org/W2908412908","https://openalex.org/W2944890781","https://openalex.org/W2966951756","https://openalex.org/W2981869278","https://openalex.org/W2993268422","https://openalex.org/W2994136970","https://openalex.org/W3013722704","https://openalex.org/W3017637887","https://openalex.org/W3035885149","https://openalex.org/W3149026346","https://openalex.org/W3160137267","https://openalex.org/W3184796073","https://openalex.org/W4231510805","https://openalex.org/W4295077997","https://openalex.org/W4324345715","https://openalex.org/W4387078915","https://openalex.org/W4399118323","https://openalex.org/W6639619044"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W187932805","https://openalex.org/W4392490004","https://openalex.org/W1641026212","https://openalex.org/W2911982698","https://openalex.org/W2323588885","https://openalex.org/W3047677938","https://openalex.org/W2087134418","https://openalex.org/W2078646730","https://openalex.org/W4312053962","https://openalex.org/W176477701"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"Natural":[1],"language":[2],"processing":[3],"(NLP)":[4],"algorithms":[5,51,107,163,226],"are":[6],"increasingly":[7],"being":[8],"applied":[9],"to":[10,33,147,196],"obtain":[11],"unsupervised":[12,38,82],"representations":[13,39,138,159,221,241],"of":[14,37,40,42,85,89,134,136,214,229],"electronic":[15],"health":[16],"record":[17],"(EHR)":[18],"data,":[19],"but":[20],"their":[21,86],"comparative":[22],"performance":[23,36,133,177],"at":[24,52],"predicting":[25,53,171],"clinical":[26,172],"endpoints":[27],"remains":[28],"unclear.":[29],"Our":[30],"objective":[31],"was":[32,91,187],"compare":[34],"the":[35,132,175,184],"sequences":[41,88,228],"disease":[43,98,155,192,230],"codes":[44,200,231],"generated":[45,92,160,190,242],"by":[46,161,223,243],"bag-of-words":[47,168],"versus":[48,100],"sequence-based":[49,162,224],"NLP":[50,106,225],"clinically":[54],"relevant":[55],"outcomes.":[56,216],"MATERIALS":[57],"AND":[58,218],"METHODS:":[59],"This":[60,246],"cohort":[61],"study":[62],"used":[63],"primary":[64],"care":[65],"EHRs":[66],"from":[67,227],"6":[68],"286":[69],"233":[70],"people":[71],"with":[72,174,240],"Multiple":[73],"Long-Term":[74],"Conditions":[75],"in":[76,170],"England.":[77],"For":[78],"each":[79,135],"patient,":[80],"an":[81],"vector":[83],"representation":[84],"time-ordered":[87],"diseases":[90],"using":[93,191,198],"2":[94,113],"input":[95],"strategies":[96],"(212":[97],"categories":[99,193],"9462":[101],"diagnostic":[102,199],"codes)":[103],"and":[104,112,153],"different":[105],"(Latent":[108],"Dirichlet":[109],"Allocation,":[110],"doc2vec,":[111],"transformer":[114,123,248],"models":[115,204,249],"designed":[116],"for":[117,178,212,236,253],"EHRs).":[118],"We":[119,130],"also":[120],"developed":[121],"a":[122,144],"architecture,":[124],"named":[125],"EHR-BERT,":[126],"incorporating":[127],"sociodemographic":[128],"information.":[129],"compared":[131,239],"these":[137,215],"(without":[139],"fine-tuning)":[140],"as":[141,201],"inputs":[142],"into":[143],"logistic":[145],"classifier":[146],"predict":[148],"1-year":[149],"mortality,":[150],"healthcare":[151],"use,":[152],"new":[154],"diagnosis.":[156],"RESULTS:":[157],"Patient":[158,220],"performed":[164],"consistently":[165],"better":[166],"than":[167],"methods":[169],"endpoints,":[173],"highest":[176],"EHR-BERT":[179],"across":[180],"all":[181],"tasks,":[182],"although":[183],"absolute":[185],"improvement":[186],"small.":[188],"Representations":[189],"perform":[194],"similarly":[195],"those":[197],"inputs,":[202],"suggesting":[203],"can":[205],"equally":[206],"manage":[207],"smaller":[208],"or":[209],"larger":[210],"vocabularies":[211],"prediction":[213],"DISCUSSION":[217],"CONCLUSION:":[219],"produced":[222],"demonstrate":[232],"improved":[233],"predictive":[234],"content":[235],"patient":[237],"outcomes":[238],"co-occurrence-based":[244],"algorithms.":[245],"suggests":[247],"may":[250],"be":[251],"useful":[252],"generating":[254],"multi-purpose":[255],"representations,":[256],"even":[257],"without":[258],"fine-tuning.":[259]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-05-28T09:10:13.091523","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}