{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4394869910","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocae078","title":"Generative large language models are all-purpose text analytics engines: text-to-text learning is all your need","display_name":"Generative large language models are all-purpose text analytics engines: text-to-text learning is all your need","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-17","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4394869910","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocae078","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38630580"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/jamia/ocae078","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocae078","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11339507/pdf/ocae078.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011847644","display_name":"Peng Cheng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1994-893X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Cheng Peng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1994-893X","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103133745","display_name":"Xi Yang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2981-3972"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800717037","display_name":"University of Florida Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04tk2gy88","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800717037"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4390039331","display_name":"UF Health Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/044vhe029","country_code":null,"type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800717037","https://openalex.org/I4390039331"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xi Yang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cancer Informatics Shared Resource, University of Florida Health Cancer Center , Gainesville, FL 32610, United States","Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cancer Informatics Shared Resource, University of Florida Health Cancer Center , Gainesville, FL 32610, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800717037","https://openalex.org/I4390039331"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004483523","display_name":"Aokun Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5100-3821"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800717037","display_name":"University of Florida Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04tk2gy88","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800717037"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4390039331","display_name":"UF Health Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/044vhe029","country_code":null,"type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800717037","https://openalex.org/I4390039331"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aokun Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cancer Informatics Shared Resource, University of Florida Health Cancer Center , Gainesville, FL 32610, United States","Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cancer Informatics Shared Resource, University of Florida Health Cancer Center , Gainesville, FL 32610, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800717037","https://openalex.org/I4390039331"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5086486425","display_name":"Zehao Yu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7290-8005"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zehao Yu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089553213","display_name":"Kaleb E Smith","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127875","display_name":"Nvidia (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03jdj4y14","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kaleb E Smith","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA , Santa Clara, CA 95051, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA , Santa Clara, CA 95051, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068151024","display_name":"Anthony Costa","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2202-6450"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127875","display_name":"Nvidia (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03jdj4y14","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anthony B Costa","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA , Santa Clara, CA 95051, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA , Santa Clara, CA 95051, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031887767","display_name":"Mona G. Flores","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7362-3044"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210127875","display_name":"Nvidia (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03jdj4y14","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mona G Flores","raw_affiliation_strings":["NVIDIA , Santa Clara, CA 95051, United States"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"NVIDIA , Santa Clara, CA 95051, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210127875"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5030951014","display_name":"Jiang Bian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2238-5429"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800717037","display_name":"University of Florida Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04tk2gy88","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800717037"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4390039331","display_name":"UF Health Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/044vhe029","country_code":null,"type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800717037","https://openalex.org/I4390039331"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiang Bian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cancer Informatics Shared Resource, University of Florida Health Cancer Center , Gainesville, FL 32610, United States","Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2238-5429","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cancer Informatics Shared Resource, University of Florida Health Cancer Center , Gainesville, FL 32610, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800717037","https://openalex.org/I4390039331"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010253402","display_name":"Yonghui Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6780-6135"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2800717037","display_name":"University of Florida Health","ror":"https://ror.org/04tk2gy88","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800717037"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I33213144","display_name":"University of Florida","ror":"https://ror.org/02y3ad647","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4390039331","display_name":"UF Health Cancer Center","ror":"https://ror.org/044vhe029","country_code":null,"type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2800717037","https://openalex.org/I4390039331"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yonghui Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cancer Informatics Shared Resource, University of Florida Health Cancer Center , Gainesville, FL 32610, United States","Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, United States"],"raw_orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6780-6135","affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cancer Informatics Shared Resource, University of Florida Health Cancer Center , Gainesville, FL 32610, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800717037","https://openalex.org/I4390039331"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Health Outcomes and Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, University of Florida , Gainesville, FL 32611, United States","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I33213144"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010253402"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2800717037","https://openalex.org/I33213144","https://openalex.org/I4390039331"],"apc_list":{"value":3967,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3967},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.5209,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.89783663,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":98,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"9","first_page":"1892","last_page":"1903"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.5281999707221985,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.5281999707221985,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.1712999939918518,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.15710000693798065,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.821814775466919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-grammar","display_name":"Generative grammar","score":0.7047548294067383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6958757638931274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.6554045081138611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.6035975813865662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relationship-extraction","display_name":"Relationship extraction","score":0.5796388387680054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/inference","display_name":"Inference","score":0.5041993856430054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4927256405353546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/generative-model","display_name":"Generative model","score":0.47682374715805054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/language-model","display_name":"Language model","score":0.46161186695098877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.4191626012325287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/information-extraction","display_name":"Information extraction","score":0.3340643644332886}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.821814775466919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39890363","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36108","display_name":"Generative grammar","level":2,"score":0.7047548294067383},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6958757638931274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.6554045081138611},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.6035975813865662},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153604712","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310755","display_name":"Relationship extraction","level":3,"score":0.5796388387680054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776214188","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q408386","display_name":"Inference","level":2,"score":0.5041993856430054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4927256405353546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167966045","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5532625","display_name":"Generative model","level":3,"score":0.47682374715805054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C137293760","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3621696","display_name":"Language model","level":2,"score":0.46161186695098877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.4191626012325287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195807954","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1662562","display_name":"Information extraction","level":2,"score":0.3340643644332886},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D057286","descriptor_name":"Electronic Health Records","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/jamia/ocae078","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocae078","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38630580","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38630580","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11339507","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11339507","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11339507/pdf/ocae078.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Am Med Inform Assoc","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11339507","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11339507","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11339507/pdf/ocae078.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Am Med Inform Assoc","raw_type":"Text"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8600000143051147,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1244765908","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R56AG069880","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","funder_display_name":"National Cancer Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1254130036","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01 AI172875","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1299132155","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01 AG083039","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1419835852","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R56AG069880","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G17345580","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U01AG088076","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1758891718","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R33 AG062884","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2654747551","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01AG084236","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G2752377081","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NHLBI R01HL169277","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337338","funder_display_name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3398941559","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01AG080991","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G369784399","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NIAID R01AI172875","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","funder_display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4156463097","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"NIA R56AG069880","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4298683003","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U18 DP006512","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337383","funder_display_name":"National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4691473461","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"ME-2018C3-14754","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308927","funder_display_name":"Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4696575845","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01AG080624","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5062585832","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"RF1 AG084178","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5717028053","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01HL169277","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337338","funder_display_name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G579819645","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01-CA246418","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","funder_display_name":"National Cancer Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G6623857781","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01CA246418","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8743902842","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01AG084178","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G982581970","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01 AG076234","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","funder_display_name":"National Institute on Aging"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320308927","display_name":"Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/014q65q44"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309480","display_name":"Nvidia","ror":"https://ror.org/03jdj4y14"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337337","display_name":"National Institute on Aging","ror":"https://ror.org/049v75w11"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337338","display_name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/012pb6c26"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","display_name":"National Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/040gcmg81"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337355","display_name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","ror":"https://ror.org/043z4tv69"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337383","display_name":"National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion","ror":"https://ror.org/021rths28"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337979","display_name":"Cancer Center, University of Florida Health","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4394869910.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1566256432","https://openalex.org/W2052996952","https://openalex.org/W2115259143","https://openalex.org/W2122966699","https://openalex.org/W2130942839","https://openalex.org/W2137407193","https://openalex.org/W2168041406","https://openalex.org/W2169818249","https://openalex.org/W2396881363","https://openalex.org/W2604272474","https://openalex.org/W2787045460","https://openalex.org/W2911489562","https://openalex.org/W2915128229","https://openalex.org/W2952230511","https://openalex.org/W2955483668","https://openalex.org/W2970198438","https://openalex.org/W2979250794","https://openalex.org/W2993961432","https://openalex.org/W3011411500","https://openalex.org/W3095092693","https://openalex.org/W3185341429","https://openalex.org/W4288089799","https://openalex.org/W4312220150","https://openalex.org/W4321002059","https://openalex.org/W4365459552","https://openalex.org/W4366824871","https://openalex.org/W4380591192","https://openalex.org/W4381849850","https://openalex.org/W4384071683","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4386742622","https://openalex.org/W4388725043","https://openalex.org/W4393187333","https://openalex.org/W6679436768","https://openalex.org/W6683738474","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6748302340","https://openalex.org/W6769627184"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4365211920","https://openalex.org/W3014948380","https://openalex.org/W842810586","https://openalex.org/W4319940250","https://openalex.org/W2352298027","https://openalex.org/W2092919065","https://openalex.org/W3138801416","https://openalex.org/W4380551139","https://openalex.org/W4317695495","https://openalex.org/W4287117424"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"To":[1],"solve":[2],"major":[3,146],"clinical":[4,32,45,118,147,180,185,209],"natural":[5,191],"language":[6,21,192],"processing":[7],"(NLP)":[8],"tasks":[9,34,120,149],"using":[10,41,49,116,150,229],"a":[11,18,98,198,230],"unified":[12,43,152,231],"text-to-text":[13,36],"learning":[14,37],"architecture":[15,51],"based":[16,128],"on":[17,129],"generative":[19,44,153,232],"large":[20],"model":[22,221],"(LLM)":[23],"via":[24],"prompt":[25,90,109],"tuning.":[26,91,110],"METHODS:":[27],"We":[28,60,92,111],"formulated":[29],"7":[30,117,145],"key":[31],"NLP":[33,119,148],"as":[35,89,97],"and":[38,52,79,121,167,188,211],"solved":[39],"them":[40,123],"one":[42,151],"LLM,":[46,69],"GatorTronGPT,":[47],"developed":[48,200],"GPT-3":[50],"trained":[53],"with":[54,67,124],"up":[55],"to":[56,100,173,227],"20":[57],"billion":[58],"parameters.":[59],"adopted":[61],"soft":[62,84,95],"prompts":[63,85,96],"(ie,":[64,77],"trainable":[65],"vectors)":[66],"frozen":[68],"where":[70],"the":[71,81,101,108,113,219],"LLM":[72],"parameters":[73],"were":[74,86,105],"not":[75],"updated":[76],"frozen)":[78],"only":[80],"vectors":[82],"of":[83,144,176],"updated,":[87],"known":[88],"added":[93],"additional":[94],"prefix":[99],"input":[102],"layer,":[103],"which":[104],"optimized":[106],"during":[107],"evaluated":[112],"proposed":[114,136,215],"method":[115],"compared":[122],"previous":[125,158],"task-specific":[126,159],"solutions":[127],"Transformer":[130],"models.":[131],"RESULTS":[132],"AND":[133],"CONCLUSION:":[134],"The":[135,214],"approach":[137,156,195,216],"achieved":[138],"state-of-the-art":[139],"performance":[140],"for":[141,164,169,179,184,190,208,222],"5":[142],"out":[143],"LLM.":[154,233],"Our":[155,194],"outperformed":[157,197],"transformer":[160],"models":[161],"by":[162],"\u223c3%":[163],"concept":[165,181,210],"extraction":[166,171],"7%":[168],"relation":[170,212],"applied":[172],"social":[174],"determinants":[175],"health,":[177],"3.4%":[178],"normalization,":[182],"3.4%-10%":[183],"abbreviation":[186],"disambiguation,":[187],"5.5%-9%":[189],"inference.":[193],"also":[196],"previously":[199],"prompt-based":[201],"machine":[202],"reading":[203],"comprehension":[204],"(MRC)":[205],"model,":[206],"GatorTron-MRC,":[207],"extraction.":[213],"can":[217],"deliver":[218],"\"one":[220],"all\"":[223],"promise":[224],"from":[225],"training":[226],"deployment":[228]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":17},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6}],"updated_date":"2026-08-11T07:18:39.950985","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}