{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4394782456","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocae045","title":"PMC-LLaMA: toward building open-source language models for medicine","display_name":"PMC-LLaMA: toward building open-source language models for medicine","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-04-13","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4394782456","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocae045","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38613821"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/jamia/ocae045","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocae045","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamia/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/jamia/ocae045/57229449/ocae045.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"bronze","oa_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamia/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/jamia/ocae045/57229449/ocae045.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5078681943","display_name":"Chaoyi Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0004-1374-011X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099312","display_name":"Shandong Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01848hk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099312"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391012619","display_name":"Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03wkvpx79","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391012619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chaoyi Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cooperative Medianet Innovation Center (CMIC), Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai, 200240, China","Shanghai AI Laboratory , Shanghai, 200232, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cooperative Medianet Innovation Center (CMIC), Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai, 200240, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099312","https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai AI Laboratory , Shanghai, 200232, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4391012619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100544844","display_name":"Weixiong Lin","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099312","display_name":"Shandong Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01848hk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099312"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391012619","display_name":"Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03wkvpx79","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391012619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weixiong Lin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cooperative Medianet Innovation Center (CMIC), Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai, 200240, China","Shanghai AI Laboratory , Shanghai, 200232, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cooperative Medianet Innovation Center (CMIC), Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai, 200240, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099312","https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai AI Laboratory , Shanghai, 200232, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4391012619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018957881","display_name":"Xiaoman Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7696-9366"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099312","display_name":"Shandong Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01848hk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099312"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391012619","display_name":"Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03wkvpx79","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391012619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoman Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cooperative Medianet Innovation Center (CMIC), Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai, 200240, China","Shanghai AI Laboratory , Shanghai, 200232, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cooperative Medianet Innovation Center (CMIC), Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai, 200240, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099312","https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai AI Laboratory , Shanghai, 200232, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4391012619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100342828","display_name":"Ya Zhang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5390-9053"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099312","display_name":"Shandong Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01848hk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099312"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391012619","display_name":"Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03wkvpx79","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391012619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ya Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cooperative Medianet Innovation Center (CMIC), Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai, 200240, China","Shanghai AI Laboratory , Shanghai, 200232, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cooperative Medianet Innovation Center (CMIC), Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai, 200240, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099312","https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai AI Laboratory , Shanghai, 200232, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4391012619"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076097168","display_name":"Weidi Xie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3804-2639"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099312","display_name":"Shandong Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01848hk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099312"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391012619","display_name":"Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03wkvpx79","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391012619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Weidi Xie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cooperative Medianet Innovation Center (CMIC), Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai, 200240, China","Shanghai AI Laboratory , Shanghai, 200232, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cooperative Medianet Innovation Center (CMIC), Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai, 200240, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099312","https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai AI Laboratory , Shanghai, 200232, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4391012619"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100645703","display_name":"Yanfeng Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7873-6577"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183067930","display_name":"Shanghai Jiao Tong University","ror":"https://ror.org/0220qvk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210099312","display_name":"Shandong Jiaotong University","ror":"https://ror.org/01848hk04","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210099312"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4391012619","display_name":"Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03wkvpx79","country_code":null,"type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4391012619"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yanfeng Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cooperative Medianet Innovation Center (CMIC), Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai, 200240, China","Shanghai AI Laboratory , Shanghai, 200232, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cooperative Medianet Innovation Center (CMIC), Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai, 200240, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210099312","https://openalex.org/I183067930"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shanghai AI Laboratory , Shanghai, 200232, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4391012619"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100645703"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183067930","https://openalex.org/I4210099312","https://openalex.org/I4391012619"],"apc_list":{"value":3967,"currency":"USD","value_usd":3967},"apc_paid":null,"fwci":24.5775,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":281,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99768161,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"31","issue":"9","first_page":"1833","last_page":"1843"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.5981000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11636","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education","score":0.5981000065803528,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2718","display_name":"Health Informatics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10028","display_name":"Topic Modeling","score":0.131400004029274,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.09080000221729279,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5981572270393372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/open-source","display_name":"Open source","score":0.5824725031852722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.3770018219947815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/programming-language","display_name":"Programming language","score":0.1588447093963623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/software","display_name":"Software","score":0.08746278285980225}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5981572270393372},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018397939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3644502","display_name":"Open source","level":3,"score":0.5824725031852722},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.3770018219947815},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.1588447093963623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777904410","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7397","display_name":"Software","level":2,"score":0.08746278285980225}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1093/jamia/ocae045","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocae045","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamia/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/jamia/ocae045/57229449/ocae045.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},{"id":"pmid:38613821","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38613821","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pubmedcentral.nih.gov:11639126","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/11639126","pdf_url":"https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11639126/pdf/ocae045.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S2764455111","display_name":"PubMed Central","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":true,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"J Am Med Inform Assoc","raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"doi:10.1093/jamia/ocae045","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1093/jamia/ocae045","pdf_url":"https://academic.oup.com/jamia/advance-article-pdf/doi/10.1093/jamia/ocae045/57229449/ocae045.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S129839026","display_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","issn_l":"1067-5027","issn":["1067-5027","1527-974X"],"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":true,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/P4310311648","host_organization_name":"Oxford University Press","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/P4310311648","https://openalex.org/P4310311647"],"host_organization_lineage_names":["Oxford University Press","University of Oxford"],"type":"journal"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association","raw_type":"journal-article"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.8399999737739563,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1509257010","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"21DZ1100100","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321885","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G1774008162","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"22511106101","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321885","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3428348293","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2022ZD0160702","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","funder_display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4950456183","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BP0719010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327912","funder_display_name":"Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G5047994227","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"BP0719010","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321885","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G7814127966","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"18DZ2270700","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321885","funder_display_name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321885","display_name":"Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality","ror":"https://ror.org/03kt66j61"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320327912","display_name":"Higher Education Discipline Innovation Project","ror":null},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335777","display_name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","ror":null}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":true},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4394782456.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2604748391","https://openalex.org/W2911489562","https://openalex.org/W3015453090","https://openalex.org/W3095319910","https://openalex.org/W3162922479","https://openalex.org/W4226278401","https://openalex.org/W4297253404","https://openalex.org/W4319662928","https://openalex.org/W4384071683","https://openalex.org/W4391221150","https://openalex.org/W4401042360","https://openalex.org/W6810738896"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391375266","https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W4396701345","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W4396696052"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"OBJECTIVE:":[0],"Recently,":[1],"large":[2],"language":[3,12,56,192],"models":[4,25,182],"(LLMs)":[5],"have":[6],"showcased":[7],"remarkable":[8],"capabilities":[9],"in":[10,17,28,183],"natural":[11],"understanding.":[13],"While":[14,114],"demonstrating":[15,208],"proficiency":[16],"everyday":[18],"conversations":[19],"and":[20,90,107,121,142,213],"question-answering":[21],"(QA)":[22],"situations,":[23],"these":[24],"frequently":[26],"struggle":[27],"domains":[29],"that":[30],"require":[31],"precision,":[32],"such":[33],"as":[34,64,94,96,186],"medical":[35,76,92,102,118,168,188,217],"applications,":[36,62],"due":[37],"to":[38,150,200],"their":[39],"lack":[40],"of":[41,85,129,180,204,238],"domain-specific":[42,98],"knowledge.":[43],"In":[44,230],"this":[45,231],"article,":[46,232],"we":[47,160,195,220,233],"describe":[48],"the":[49,75,83,151,167,172,202,236],"procedure":[50],"for":[51,60,105,144,226],"building":[52,239],"a":[53,71,187,222],"powerful,":[54],"open-source":[55,164,242],"model":[57,175,214],"specifically":[58],"designed":[59],"medicine":[61],"termed":[63],"PMC-LLaMA.":[65,245],"MATERIALS":[66],"AND":[67],"METHODS:":[68],"We":[69,170],"adapt":[70],"general-purpose":[72],"LLM":[73,165],"toward":[74,166],"domain,":[77],"involving":[78],"data-centric":[79],"knowledge":[80],"injection":[81],"through":[82],"integration":[84],"4.8M":[86],"biomedical":[87],"academic":[88],"papers":[89],"30K":[91],"textbooks,":[93],"well":[95],"comprehensive":[97,224],"instruction":[99,145,227],"fine-tuning,":[100],"encompassing":[101],"QA,":[103],"rationale":[104],"reasoning,":[106],"conversational":[108],"dialogues":[109],"with":[110],"202M":[111],"tokens.":[112],"RESULTS:":[113],"evaluating":[115],"various":[116],"public":[117],"QA":[119],"benchmarks":[120],"manual":[122],"rating,":[123],"our":[124],"lightweight":[125],"PMC-LLaMA,":[126],"which":[127],"consists":[128],"only":[130],"13B":[131],"parameters,":[132],"exhibits":[133],"superior":[134],"performance,":[135],"even":[136],"surpassing":[137],"ChatGPT.":[138],"All":[139],"models,":[140],"codes,":[141],"datasets":[143],"tuning":[146],"will":[147],"be":[148],"released":[149],"research":[152],"community.":[153],"DISCUSSION:":[154],"Our":[155],"contributions":[156],"are":[157],"3-fold:":[158],"(1)":[159],"build":[161],"up":[162,240],"an":[163,241],"domain.":[169],"believe":[171],"proposed":[173,206],"PMC-LLaMA":[174],"can":[176],"promote":[177],"further":[178],"development":[179],"foundation":[181],"medicine,":[184],"serving":[185],"trainable":[189],"basic":[190],"generative":[191],"backbone;":[193],"(2)":[194],"conduct":[196],"thorough":[197],"ablation":[198],"studies":[199],"demonstrate":[201],"effectiveness":[203],"each":[205],"component,":[207],"how":[209],"different":[210],"training":[211],"data":[212],"scales":[215],"affect":[216],"LLMs;":[218],"(3)":[219],"contribute":[221],"large-scale,":[223],"dataset":[225],"tuning.":[228],"CONCLUSION:":[229],"systematically":[234],"investigate":[235],"process":[237],"medical-specific":[243],"LLM,":[244]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":55},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":165},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":60},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-18T07:39:51.176621","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
